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Report  Number  I 

THE  NATURAL  RESOURCES 
SURVEY 

of 

The  Conservation  and  Natural 
Resources  Commission 

of 
New  Mexico 


1911 


.     SANTA  FE,  N.  M. 
NBW  MEXICAN   PRINTING  COMPANY 
1911 


LETTER   OF   TRANSMITTAL 

Albuquerque,  New  Mexico,  Dec.  1st,  1911. 
To  His  Excellency  Win.  J.  Mills,  Governor  oj  the  Territory  of  New 

Mexico. 
HONORABLE  SIR: 

It  becomes  my  duty  by  virtue  of  the  statute  to  hereby 
transmit  to  you  the  report  of  Natural  Resources  Survey  of 
New  Mexico  for  the  year  1911. 

Respectfully, 
J._A.  PYNCH, 
Director. 


M120630 


THE    COMMISSION 

His  Excllency  Governor  Wm.  J.  Mills,   member  ex-officio. 

President — 

Honorable  Solomon  Luna. 

Honorable  D.  B.  Randall, 

Secretary  and  Treasurer- 
Honorable  W.  A.  Fleming  Jones. 

Territorial  Geologist — 

Professor  of  Geology,  University  of  New  Mexico. 

Staff  of  the   Natural  Resources  Survey 

J.  A.  Pynch— 

Director,  and  Chief  of  the  Division  of  Geology. 

Professor  H.  S.  Hammond- 
Chief  of  the  Division  of  Botany  and  Agricultural  Re- 
sources. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Anderson- 
Chief  of  the  Division  of  Mineralogy. 

Mr.  Chas.  D.  Miller- 
Territorial  Engineer, 

Chief  of  the  Division  of  Irrigation  and  Water  Re- 
sources. 


Assistants 

Assistant  to  the  Director W.  H.  Gee. 

Assistant  to  the  Chief  of  the  Division  of  Botany  .Fanny  Ford 
Assistant  to  the  Chief  of  the  Division  of  Miner- 
alogy      S.  Ringlund. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


PAGE 

General  Report  ( Including1  a  preliminary  list  of  birds  of  New 
Mexico  compiled  by  Miss  F.  Ford)  Professor  H.  S.  Ham- 
mond, Chief  of  the  Division  of  Botany  and  Agricultural  Re- 
sources   17 

Preliminary  Statement— Professor  G.  E.  Anderson,  Chief  of  the 

Division  of  Mineralogy 65 

A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  the  Ecological  Distribution  of 
Animal  Life  of  North  Central  New  Mexico  with  Especial  at- 
tention to  the  Insects— Professor  J.  R.  Watson 67 

A  Geological  Reconnaissance  of  Bernalillo,    Valencia  and  Mc- 

Kinley  counties— J.  A.  Pynch,  Director  of    Survey 119 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


Page. 

Plate  I.     San  Anton  Pass,  Continental   Divide Frontis 

piece  2 

Plate  II.     A  Pine  Park  and  Slope  on  Mt.  Taylor 74 

Plate  III.     Pinon  and  Yellow  Pine  Association .      ..78 

Plate             IV.     A  Mountain  Meadow  in  the  Yellow  Pine  Associa- 
tion     80 

Plate  V.     Scene  in  the  Pinon  Association,  Mt.  Taylor 82 

Plate  VI.     The  Plain  Below  Acoma 90 

Plate  VII.     The  Enchanted  Mesa 94 

Plate         VIII.     Typical  Mesa  Vegetation 96 

Plate  IX.     Biotic  Succession  on  Mt.  Taylor 114 

Plate  X.     Wooded  Slopes  on  Mt.  Taylor 118 

Plate            XI.     Western  Side   of  Puerco   Valley,  Showing-   Vol- 
canic Plug  in  Distance 122 

Plate  XII.     Cabezon,  a  Volcanic  Plug  of  the  Puerco  Valley. .  123 

Plate         XIII.     The  Backbone  of  North  America 124 

Plate         XIV.     A  High  Point  on  the  Continental  Divide 125 

Plate  XV.     Jura-Trios  Sandstone,  Continental  Divide  . .    ...  126 

Plate         XVI.     Earthquake  Crack.  Bluewater  Valley    127 

Plate        XVII.     A  Recent  Lava  Flow  in  the  San  Jose  Valley 127 

Plate      XVIII.      Mouth  of  Bluewater  Canyon  .....       128 

Plate         XIX.     Acoma  Indian  Pueblo V 130 

Plate  XX.     A  Thunderstorm  Over  Mt.  Taylor 132 

Plate         XXI.     Looking  into  the  Crater  of  Mt.  Taylor 134 

Plate        XXII.     A  Pine  Park  on  Mt.  Taylor    135 

Plate      XXIII.     A  Canyon  on  the  Slope  of  Mt.  Taylor 135 

Plate      XXIV.     The  Continental   Divide   Looking  West,  showing 

Grass  and  Timber  of  Chivote  Mesa 136 

Plate        XXV.     Gonzales    on   the  Continental  Divide,  From    the 

East 138 

Plate  XXVI.  A  sheer  rock  wall  along  the  Continental  Divide.  139 
Plate  XXVII.  Carbonaceous  Shale,  Seven  Lakes  Oil  Region...  140 
Plate  XXVIII.  Aridity  and  Wind  Erosion,  Continental  Divide.  140 
Plate  XXIX.  Example  of  Wind  Erosion  on  the  Continental 

Divide 141 

Plate        XXX.     Seven  Lakes  Oil  District.  .  142 


PREFACE 

In  this  publication  it  is  not  intended  to  do  more  than  give 
in  a  general  way,  some  facts  about  the  subjects  treated. 
There  has  been  no  intention  or  expectation  to  exhaust  the 
subject  matter  or  to  be  scientific  only  as  the  scientific  may 
help  to  explain  common  facts  and  phenomena.  Since  a 
scientitic  treatise  in  this  stage  in  the  development  of  the 
state  would  m  many  ways  be  superfluous  it  has  seemed 
wiser  to  correlate  some  of  the  common  things  concerning 
this  section  of  the  state  and  collect  them  in  such  a  way  as  to 
make  them  available  for  the  interested.  Since  the  work  of 
Survey  was  not  begun  until  the  latter  part  of  July  of  this 
year,  the  work  accomplished  is  necessary  meager  in  amount. 
However  since  the  sum  of  money  available  for  each  division 
was  also  small,  it  is  hoped  that  the  amount  expended  and  the 
work  accomplished  will  correlate  satisfactorily. 

As  the  state  of  New  Mexico  perfects  her  secondary  school 
system,  courses  in  phsiography  and  nature  study,  will  be 
added  to  the  curriculum.  At  that  time — which  will  be  very 
soon — the  New  Mexican  student  will  be  required  to  known, 
among  other  things,  the  style  of  architecture  nature  has 
used  in  the  building  of  his  state.  He  will  be  asked  questions 
in  nature  study  concerning  the  "bird,  the  bee  and  the  ant" 
of  his  locality,  and  the  great  host  of  our  friends  which  in- 
habit the  air  and  the  earth,  and  which  live  under  so  many 
varied  conditions,  will  crowd  into  his  mind  for  recognition. 
The  growth  of  scientific  agriculture  makes  a  grounding  in 
Botany  a  f  undamental  prerequisite  for  training  along  such 
lines.  We  already  have  an  up-to-date  agricultural  school  in 
the  new  state  and  the  Biology  of  the  state  will  be  considered 
an  absolute  essential  of  an  agricultural  course  when  the  know- 
ledge of  this  subject  grows  more  complete  was  research  fills 
in  the  gaps.  New  Mexico  will  then  be  growing  and  expand- 
ing into  the  new  position  and  mission  to  which  the  times  and 
her  natural  development  have  called  her.  The  people  within 
and  without  the  state  are  asking  even  now,  and  will  continue 


14  PREFACE 

to  ask,  about  New  Mexico's  natural  heritage.     These'reports 
are  answers  in  part  to  such  queries. 

New  Mexico  has  vast  resources.  As  the  outside  world  be- 
comes cognizant  af  this  fact,  immigration  will  be  rapid.  It 
is  safe  to  assert  that  this  state  will  experience  a  phenomenal 
development  within  the  next  decade  and  will  be  known  as 
one  of  the  richest  states  of  the  great  south  west. 

Thanks  are  due  to  the  Commission  for  the  helpful  and  co- 
operative spirit  shown  by  these  gentlemen.  Likewise  appre- 
ciation is  expressed  to  the  chiefs  of  the  different  divisions 
for  the  interest  they  have  shown  in  the  work  and  their  deter- 
mination to  ac3omplish  a  considerable  in  a  very  limited  time. 
Thanks  are  also  due  to  Professor  J.  R.  Watson.  Zoologist 
accompanying  the  Director  on  his  reconnaissance,  whose 
ready  assistance  and  valuable  knowledge  of  his  section  of  the 
work  has  added  great  interest  and  value  to  the  repart. 

J.  A.  PYNCH, 

Director, 

University  of  New  Mexico, 
Albuquerque,  N.  M. 


GENERAL  REPORT 


Division  of  Botany  and  Agricultural  Resources,  New  Mex- 
ico Resources  Survey. 
H.  S.  Hammond,  Chief.    Agricultural  College,  N.  M. 

The  work  of  this  Division  of  Survey  has  been  confined 
mostly  to  a  study  of  New  Mexican  birds  and  more  detailed 
account  of  which  is  given  below. 

During  the  past  five  months,  we  have  started  a  herbarium 
for  the  Survey  and  at  present,  over  200  specimens  have  been 
sent  to  the  University,  all  correctly  labeled  and  carefully 
mounted  and  upwards  of  500  more  are  in  process  of  prepara- 
tion and  will  probably  be  deposited  in  the  Survey  Museum 
before  the  close  of  the  year.  Duplicates  of  all  material  col- 
lected and  all  material  sent  to  the  Survey  Museum  are  de- 
posited in  the  Herbarium  of  the  Agricultural  College  at  Me- 
s ilia  Park. 

The  bird  work  referred  to  above,  has  been  undertaken  on 
rather  an  extensive  scale.  It  is  the  desire  of  the  Division  of 
Botany  and  Agricultural  Resources  to  secure  accurate  in- 
formation concerning  the  birds  of  New  Mexico,  their  habits, 
migrations,  economic  importance,  etc.,  and  with  that  end  in 
view,  we  have  established  at  five  different  localities  in  the 
state,  stations  where  data  will  be  kept  and  specimens  secured 
for  the  Survey.  These  stations  are  located  as  follows: 
Deming,  N.  M.,  in  charge  of  Marshal  Foulks;  Albuquerque, 
N.  M.,  in  charge  of  Prof.  A.  O.  Weese;  Raton,  N.  M.,  in 
charge  of  James  Campbell;  Naravisa,  N.  M.,  in  charge  of  A. 
S.  Felton;  Cloudcroft,  N.  M.,  in  charge  of  H.  H.  Lucas,  and 
the  local  station  at  Mesilla  Park.  Negotiations  are  now  un- 
derway for  the  establishment  of-  two  more  stations;  one  at 
Parmington  in  San  Juan  county,  and  the  other  at  either 
Roswell  in  Chaves  county  or  Artesia  in  Eddy  county.  At 
each  of  these  stations,  the  person  in  charge  will  endeavor  to 
keep  a  list  of  all  the  birds  of  that  locality  and  times  and  dates 
of  migrations,  whether  permanent  residence  or  not,  the 
abundance  of  such  species,  and  in  fact  every  item  that  may 


16  GENERAL   REPORT 

be  of  interest  to  the  scientist  concerning  the  species  in  ques- 
tion. Specimens  will  also  be  taken  if  possible  of  the  migra- 
tory species  and  of  the  rarer  residents  and  the  skins  stuffed 
but  not  mounted.  In  this  matter,  we  hcfpe  to  secure  a  cor- 
rect list  of  all  the  species  within  the  State  and  arrange  same 
in  such  a  form  that  it  may  be  used  as  a  nature  study  work 
and  text  for  the  secondary  schools. 

While  this  work  will  take  possibly  two  or  three  years  to 
complete,  we  feel  that  it  is  one  that  will  not  be  duplicated  for 
several  years.  Miss  Ford,  who  is  undertaking  the  work, 
has  had  considerable  experience  along  this  line,  and  done  ex- 
tensive studying,  and  we  feel  that  the  realization  of  this  work 
will  meet  all  expectations. 

Below  is  given  a  preliminary  list  of  the  birds  of  New 
Mexico,  compiled  from  Miss  Ford's  notes  which  we  wish  to  in- 
corporate in  our  report  at  this  time.  As  this  is  the  largest 
list  of  New  Mexico  birds  that  has  ever  appeared  in  print,  we 
do  not  offer  this  list  as  check  list,  and  some  that  are  reported 
may  have  to  be  dropped  from  our  later  list,  and  probably 
many  not  reported  will  have  to  be  added  to  the  list  and  up  to 
the  present  time,  it  is  the  most  accurate  and  complete  list  of 
any  heretofore  published.  This  list  includes  the  names  of 
all  species  which  are  known  to  occur  in  the  State,  together 
with  accurate  citations  of  those  who  reported  them  and  often 
notes  are  found  concerning  relative  points  of  each.  The  rest 
is  arranged  according  to  the  A.  O.  U.  check  list.  These  notes 
will  be  of  great  value  to  ornithologists  throughout  this 
country. 


PRELIMINARY  LIST  OF  BIRDS  OF  NEW  MEXICO 


COMPILED  BY  F.  FORD. 

1.  Aechmophorus  occidentalis.     Western  Grebe. 

"One  specimen,  Gila,  Nov."     (Henshaw.) 

2.  Colymbus  nigricollis  calif ornicus.     Eared  Grebe. 

"Rare,  breeding-  at  7000  ft.,  vicinity  of  Las  Vegas,"  (Mit- 
chell.)— One  specimen,  Bernalillo,  Oct.  28.  (Birtwell.) 

3.  Podilymbus  podiceps.     Pied-billed  Grebe. 

One  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Oct.  14.     (Birtwell.) 

4.  Gavia  pacifica.     Pacific  Loon. 

"Accidental  in  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

5.  Larus  delawarensis.     Ring-billed  Gull. 

One  specimen,  Albuquerque,  April  20.  (Birtwell.)— One 
specimen,  Thirteen  Mile  Lake,  Chaves  Co.,  Oct., 
(Barber.)— One  specimen,  Mangus  Springs,  May. 
(Metcalfe.) 

6.  Xema  Sabini.     Sabine's  Gull. 

One  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Oct.  8.     (Birtwell.) 

7.  Sterna  hirundo.     Common  Tern. 

"Common  on  Rio  Grande."     (Henshaw.) 

8.  Hydrochelidon  nigra  surinamensis.     Black  Tern. 

"Several  seen  near  Las  Vegas,  Aug.  31."     (Bailey,  F.) 

9.  Anhinga  anhinga.     Water-Turkey. 

"Accidental  in  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

10.  Phalacrocorax  vigua  mexicanus.     Mexican  Cormorant. 

"New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

1 1 .  Mergus  americanus.     M  e  r gan s e  r . 

"One  female  and  four  young  seen,  Upper  Pecos,  July  2." 
(Goss.)— One  specimen,  Tortugas  Lake,  Nov.  (Ford.) 

12.  Lophotfytes  cucullatus.     Hooded  Merganser. 

"Northern  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

13.  Anas  platyrhynchos.     Mallard. 

"Bagged    in    profusion,    Albuquerque,    Sept.    23".     Other 
specimens  Sept.  10  and  17,   Oct.   7  and  Nov.   18.     (Birt- 
well.)—"Common     in    New    Mexico."       ( Woodhouse.)  - 
Always  among  the  migrants  in  spring   and   fall    in   Me- 
silla  Valley.     (Ford.) 

14.  Mareca  americana.     Baldpate. 

"One  specimen,  Silver  City,  Apr.  15".  (Hunn.)— "Quite- 
abundant  in  New  Mexico."  (Woodhouse.)— One  speci- 
men, Albuquerque,  Oct.  (Stover.) 


18  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

15.  Nettion  carolinense.     Green-winged  Teal. 

Common  in  spring"  and  fall,  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.)  — 
"Specimen,  Apache,  Sept.;  Hachita,  Oct.  (Anthony.)  — 
"Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw.) — "Common 
around  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs  in  Dec."  (Batchelder.) 
— "Very  abundant  in  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw.)  — 
"Rather  common,  especially  during-  migration,  and 
breeds  in  vicinity  of  Las  Vegas."  (Mitchell.) — "Com- 
mon during  winter  and  spring,  Silver  City."  (Hunn)  — 
One  specimen,  others  seen,  Albuquerque,  September. 
(Birtwell.)— One  specimen,  Roswell,  Oct.  (Barber.) 

16.  Querquedula  discors.     Blue-winged  Teal. 

"Twenty  seen  Sept.  7,  Also  a  few  Sept.  15,  seven  miles  east 
of  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "Breeding  at  Mesa  Rica,  June 
2,  also  seen  at  Santa  Rosa  and  Black  Lake."  (Bailey  F.) 
— "Four  seen,  Willis,  May  11,  also  flocks  seen,  Albu- 
querque, Sept.  6  and  10."  (Birtwell.) —"Very  abundant 
throughout  New  Mexico."  (Woodhouse.)  One  speci- 
men, Roswell,  Oct.  (Barber.)— Among  other  ducks  in 
spring  and  fall,  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.) 

17.  Querquedula  cyanoptera.     Cinnamon  Teal. 

"Common  spring  migrant,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) — "Flocks 
seen  near  Albuquerque,  Apr.,  May.  and  Sept."  (Birtwell.) 
— "Killed  three  on  San  Augustine  Ranch,  Apr." 
(Wooton. )— "Common  migrant,  Mangus  Springs," 
(Metcalfe) — Common  migrant,  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.) 

18.  Spatula  clypeata.     Shoveller. 

"Very  abundant  in  New  Mexico."  (Woodhouse) — "Bagged 
in  profusion,  Albuqerque,  Sept.  23  (Birtwell.) — "New 
Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. )  — "Have  seen  at  Man- 
gus Springs."  (Metcalfe.)— One  specimen,  Albuquerque, 
Oct.  (Birtwell.) 

19.  Dafila  acuta.     Pintail. 

"One  killed  Sept.  6,  two  Sept.  30,  Bernalillo.  Bagged  in 
profusion,  Albuquerque,  Sept.  23.  (Birtwell.)  — "Com- 
mon in  New  Mexico."  (Woodhouse.)  '^Common  in 
spring,  Mangus  Springs."  (Metcalfe.) — Migrant  in  Me- 
silla Valley.  (Ford). 

20.  Marila  americana.     Redhead. 

"New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 
'  21.     Marila  valisineria.     Canvas-back. 

"Occurs  at  Mangus   Springs  but   not   abundantly."     (Met- 
calf.)— One  specimen,   Albuquerque,  Jan.     (Birtwell.)  — 
Spring  and  summer,  Mesilla  Valley.     (Ford.) 
22.     Marila  marila.     Scaup  Duck. 

"Southern  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. ) 


ORNITHOLOGY  19 

23.  Marila  collaris.     Ring-necked  Duck. 

"New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

24.  Charitonetta  albeola.     Buffle  head. 

"Obtained  in  various  parts  of  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw.) 
2  5 .  Erismatura  jamaicensis.  RuddyDuck. 

"One  specimen,  old  crater,  south  of  Zuni."  (Henshaw.)  — 
"One  specimen,  Sept.  7  and  also  on  Sept.  16  and  in 
Oct.  at  Albuquerque."  (Birtwell. ) — "Occasional  large 
droves  on  Gila."  (Metcalfe.)— One  specimen,  Mesilla 
Park,  Feb.  (Ford.)— "Northern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O. 
U.  Check  List.) 

26.  Branta  canadensis  canadensis.     Canada  Goose. 

"Tolerably  numerous  up  the  Rio  Grande  to  Santa  Fe." 
(Me.  Call). 

27.  Branta  canadensis  hutchinsi.     Hutchin's  Goose. 

"Flock  seen,  Albuquerque,  Oct.  7."     (Birtwell.) 

28.  Guara  rubra.     Scarlet  Ibis. 

"Recorded  as  a  straggler  to  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List.) 

29.  Plegadis  guarauna.     White-faced  Glossy  Ibis. 

"Three  specimens,  seven  miles  east  of  Apache,  Sept.  7."  (An- 
thony.)— "Not  uncommon,  especially  in  southern  part  of 
the  territory,  also  seen  in  vicinity  of  Las  Vegas."  (Mit- 
chell.) 

30.  Botaurus  lentiginosus.     Bittern. 

"One  specimen  near  Las  Vegas,  June  7."  (Mitchell.) —"One 
specimen  found  dead  near  Albuquerque,  Oct.  7  and  one 
seen  Apr.  14."  (Birtwell.)— Quite  common  a  few  years 
ago  at  Mangus  Springs."  (Metcalfe.)— One  specimen, 
Patterson,  Aug.  (Barber.) 

31.  Ardea  herodias  herodias.     Great  Blue  Heron. 

"Two  seen  Mar.  21  and  one  killed  May  1,  Silver  City." 
(Hunn..)  —  "Seen  along  Pecos,  Ribera,  (Bailey  F. ) — 
"Specimens  Mar.,  one  Aug.  16  and  one  seen  Oct.  17,  Al- 
querque."  (Birtwell.) — "Common  on  Gila  River.  Nests 
in  cottonwoods"  (Metcalfe.)— One  killed,  Mesilla  Park, 
Mar.  Rather  common,  especially  as  a  migrant.  (Ford.) 

32.  Egretta  candiddissima  candiddissima.     Snowy  Egret. 

"One  specimen,  Playa  Valley,  Sept.  24."  (Anthony. )— "One 
specimen,  G.  O.  S.  Ranch  on  tributary  of  Gila  River, 
Oct.  21.  (Beggtold.) — "One  specimen  on  Mimbres  River, 
twenty  miles  from  Deming,  Nov.  5."  (Munson.)  — One 
specimen,  Mesilla  Park,  Oct.  1910.  (Ford. ) 


20  NATURAL    RESOURCES   SURVEY 

33.  Nycticorax  nycticorax  naevius.     Black-Crowned  Night 

Heron. 

"Several  seen  on  the  Colorado  Chiquito."  (Henshaw.) — "One 
seen  Sept.  5,  one  specimen  Oct.  29,  also  Apr.  14,  Albu- 
querque." (Birtwell) — One  killed  of  a  pair  May  28,  one 
specimen,  Mar.,  Mesilla  Park.  (Ford.) 

34.  Grus  canadensis.     Little  Brown  Crane. 

"One  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Oct."  (Allen.) — "Thousands 
seen  along  the  Rio  Grande."  (Henshaw.)--Along  the  Rio 
Grande  from  El  Paso  to  Santa  Fe,  more  common  below 
Albuquerque."  (McCall.) — "Observed  frequently  in  New 
Mexico."  (Woodhouse. ) 

35.  Grus  mexicana.     Sandhill  Crane. 

"Five  seen  near  Albuquerque,  Oct.  7."     (Birtwell.) 

36.  Fulica  Americana.     Coot. 

"Ten  seen,  Apache,  Sept.  13."  (Anthony.) — "One  found 
dead  near  Albuquerque.  Oct.  7."  (Birtwell.)  "One 
specimen,  Roswell,  Oct."  (Barber.)  — "Common  a  few 
years  ago  at  Mangus  Springs."  (Metcalfe.)  Rather 
common  in  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.) 

37.  Lobipes  lobatus.     Northern  Ph  alar  ope. 

"One  seen  near  Las  Vegas,  Aug.  31."     (Bailey,  F.)~ 

38.  Steganopus  tricolor.     Wilson's  Phalarope. 

"A  flock  seen  near  Las  Vegas,  Aug.  31."  (Bailey,  F.)  — 
"One  specimen  at  Albuquerque,  April  14,  also  May  8." 
(Birtwell.) — One  specimen  in  April,  Mesilla  Park. 
(Ford.) 

39.  Recurvirostra  americana.     Avocet. 

"Twelve  seen  near  Apache,  Sept.  7."  (Anthony.)— "Summer 
resident,  common,  breeds  at  8500  ft.,  vicinity  of  Las 
Vegas."  (Mitchell.)  — "A  few  in  New  Mexico."  (Wood- 
house.) — One  specimen,  Albuquerque,  April  14.  (Birt- 
well.)—"Have  been  seen  in  spring  at  Mangus  Springs." 
(Metcalfe.^ — One  specimen,  Mesilla  Park,  Nov.  (Bar. 
ber.^)— "Southern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

40.  Himantopus  mexicanus.     Black-necked  Stilt. 

"Rather  common,  breeds  in  vicinity  of  Las  Vegas."  (Mit- 
chell.)— One  specimen,  young,  Albuquerque,  April  14." 
(Birtwell.)— "Southern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List.) 

41.  Gallinago  delicata.     Wilson's  Snipe. 

"One  seen  near  Hachita  for  several  days  in  Oct. "  (Anthony.) 
— "Common  in  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw.)  — "New  Mex- 
ico." (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) —"Almost  everywhere 
from  the  Gulf  to  Santa  Fe."  (McCall.)  — "Very  common. 
Mangus  Springs."  (Metcalfe.)— One  specimen,  Socorro, 


ORNITHOLOGY  21 

Dec.     (Birtwell.)—  Reported  form  the  river  near    Mesilla 
Park  in  March.      (Ford.) 

42.  Pisobia  maculata.     Pectoral  Sandpiper. 

"A  large  flock  seen  near  Apache,  Sept.  13."     (Anthony.) 

43.  Pisobia  bairdi.     Baird's   Sandpiper. 

"Evenly  distributed  in  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw.) — "Seen 
Aug.  29  and  30  and  one  specimen  Sept.  2,  near  Las 
Vegas."  (Bailey,  P.)— "Six  seen,  one  killed  Sept.  7, 
more  Sept.  10,  Albuquerque."  (Birtwell.) 

44.  Pisobia  minutilla.     Least  Sandpiper. 

"A  large  flock  seen  near  Apache,  Sept.  13."  (Anthony.) — 
"Seen  Aug.  29  to  31.  near  Las  Vegas."  (Bailey,  F.) 

45.  Ereunetes  pusillus.     Semipalmated  Sandpiper. 

"Seen  as  migrant."'  (Henshaw.)— Doubtful.  (Ford. )— "One 
specimen,  Albuquerque,  Apr.  14."  (Birtwell.) 

46.  Ereunetes  mauri.     Western  Sandpiper. 

"Two  seen,  one  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Oct.  5."  (Birtwell.) 

47.  Totanus  melanoleucus.     Greater  Yellow-legs. 

"Two  seen,  Albuquerque,  May  6."  (Birtwell. )— One  speci- 
men, Patterson,  Aug.  (Barber.) 

48.  Totanus  flaviceps.     Yellow  legs 

"Several  seen  near  Las  Vegas,  Aug.  31."  (Bailey.) — "One 
killed  near  Albuquerque,  Oct.  7."  (Birtwell.) — "Very 
common  in  vicinity  of  lakes  and  streams  in  New  Mexico." 
(Woodhouse. )  One  specimen,  Mesilla  Park,  Apr.  (Ford."  ) 

49.  Helodromas  solitarius  cinnamoneous.    Western  solitary 

Sandpiper. 

"Several  found  Aug.  29  to  31  near  Las  Vegas."  (  Bailey,  F. ) 
— Fairly  common  in  vicinity  of  L'as  Vegas."  (Mitchell. ) 

50.  Actitis  macularia.     Spotted  Sandpiper. 

"Found  at  various  points  along  the  Upper  Pecos,  to  8000 
ft."  (Henshaw.)  '"Common,  breeds,  arrives  by  May  1, 
vicinity  of  Las  Vegas."  (Mitchell.)— "Two  broods  in 
Transition  Zone,  8000  ft.;  one  specimen,  Aug.  15,  11,- 
600  ft.  Pecos  Baldy.  One  specimen  Aug.  24,  Pecos 
7200ft."  (Bailey. )— "One  seen  near  Albuquerque,  Oct. 
7.  "Two  seen  Pecos,  May  9."  (Birtwell.) 

51.  Numenius  americanus.     Long-billed  Curlew. 

"Three  pairs' seen  June  20,  breeding  also  June  22,  San  Mi- 
guel Co."  (Bailey.)  "Northern  Newr  Mexico."  (A. 
O.  U.  Check  List.)  One  specimen,  Patterson,  Aug.  14, 
(Barber)  — One  specimen,  Mesilla,  June  20.  (Barber.) 


22  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

52.     Squatarola  squatarola.     Black-bellied  Plover. 

A  pair  seen  late  in  March,  west  of  Apache."  (Anthony.)  — 
One  specimen,  Thirteen  Mile  Lake,  Chavez  Co.,  Oct. 
(Barber.) 

58.     Oxyechus  vociferus.     Killdeer. 

"One  seen  Sept.  4  and  a  large  flock,  Sept.  7,  east  of  Apache 
range."  (Anthony)  "Throught  North  America."  (Hen- 
shaw.) — "Abundant  in  various  parts  of  New  Mexico." 
(Woodhouse)— "Common  in  vicinity  of  Las  Vegas  in 
May,  to  8000  ft."  (Mitchell)— "Common,  arriving  Mar. 
20,  Silver  City."  (Hunn. )— "Seven  or  eight  seen.  Pe- 
cos,  Mar.  27.  Several  seen,  some  specimens  taken  Apr.. 
May,  Sept.,  Oct."  (Birtwell. ) — "Common  summer  resid- 
dent  at  Mangus  Springs."  (Metcalfe. )  Common  sum- 
mer resident  in  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.) 

54.  Podasocys  montanus.     Mountain  Plover. 

"Not  common,  breeds  in  eastern  part  of  County,  San  Mi- 
guel." (Mitchell.)  "Northern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U. 
Check  List.)— "Datil  Mts.,  March."  (Herrick.) 

55.  Colinus  virginianus  texanus    Texas  Bob- white. 

"Southeastern  New  Mexico."     (A.   O.  U.  Check  List.) — 

56.  Callipepla  squamata  squarmata    Scaled  Quail. 

"Quite  common  on  foothills  of  Apache  and  Hachita  ranges. 
Nest  of  Eggs  found  July  13,"  (Anthony.) — "Abundant 
in  summer  around  Fort  Bayard."  (Wilson.)  "Notun- 
common  at  Point  of  Rocks,  Coif  ax  Co.,  Oct."  (Thur- 
bur.)— "Between  Santa  Fe  and  Albuquerque."  (Hen- 
shaw)  — "Common  in  large  flocks  around  Silver  City." 
(Hunn.) — "Plentiful  in  the  pine  belt  in  the  southern  part 
of  San  Miguel  Co."  ( Bailey  F. )— "Large  flocks  reported 
as  visiting  El  Rito."  (Henderson.) — Very  abundant  the 
the  year  around  on  the  foothills  all  over  Mesilla  Valley. 
(Ford.)  "Very  common  on  foothills  of  Mogollon  Mts." 
(Metcalfe. ) 

57.  Lophortyx  gembeli.     Gambel's  Quail. 

"Around  Santa  Fe.  Two  specimen  on  Gila  River,  Oct.  25." 
(Henshaw.)— "Resident  and  abundant  throughout  San 
Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.) — "A  common  resident  in  large 
flocks  around  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) — "One  bird  was 
seen  all  winter,  Shi prock  Agency'."  (Gilman.)— Common 
resident,  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.)— "Southwestern  New 
Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

58.  Cyrtonyx  montezumae  mearnsi.     Mearn's  Quail. 

"One  pair  seen  April  14  and  May  12,  Gila  Basin." 
(Stephens.)  — "Found  in  New  Mexico  as  far  north  as  Ft. 
Tularosa."  (Henshaw.) — "Central  New  Mexico."  (A. 
O.  U.  Check  List.) 


ORNITHOLOGY  23 

59.  Dendragapus  obscurus  obscurus.     Dusky  Grouse. 

"Generally  distributed  in  Mountains  east  of  Santa  Fe." 
(Henshaw.;— "Common,  breeds  in  May,  Her  met  Peak, 
1000  ft.  vicinity  of  Las  Vegas."  (Mitchell.)  "Seen 
throughout  Canadian  and  Hudsonian  zones,  breeding-, 
Pecos  Baldy."  (Bailey,  P.)  "Mountains  from  Santa 
Fe  to  Taos."  (McCall.) — "Common  in  Jemez  Mts. 
Flocks  come  down  in  autumn.  Probably  breed  in  all 
mountains  of  North  Central  New  Mexico.  (Henderson.) 
— "Found  in  Mts.  about  Santa  Fe."  (Woodhouse.)  — 
"Seen  around  Willis  in  May."  (Birtwell.) 

60.  Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus.   White-tailed  Ptarmigan. 

"One  specimen  in  Taos  Mts.  in  winter.  Two  specimens, 
Wheeler's  Peak  in  July.  One  specimen,  Gold  Hill,  in 
Jan.  Rather  plentiful."  (Bailey  F.) — "Northern  New 
Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

61.  Centrocercus  urophasianus.     Sage-hen. 

"Reaches  upper  part  of  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw.)  "North- 
western New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

62.  Meleagris  gallopavo  merriami.     Merriam's  Turkey. 

"Common  from  8000  ft.  to  timber  line  in  San  Miguel  county, 
breeds  in  April."  (Mitchell.) — "Found  all  through  Mts. 
east  of  Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw.) — "Rather  common  in 
Mts.  (Oilman.)— "One  seen  May  19."  (Birtwell.)— 
"Still  rather  common  in  mountains  near  Santa  Fe." 
(Henderson.  )— "New  Mexico,"  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

63.  Columbafasciatafasciata.     Band-tailed  Pigeon. 

"Common  in  Aug.  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw.) — 
"Abundant  in  Mts.  near  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)— 
"A  few  seen  at  10000  and  11400  ft.,  Upper  Pecos." 
(Bailey,  F.)— "Small  flocks  seen  in  New  Mexico." 
(Woodhouse.)— One  specimen,  Kingston,  Aug.  8.  (Met- 
calf.) — One  specimen,  Ruidoso,  Aug.  (Barber.)  "Kil- 
led several  on  Rio  Frisco  in  July."  (Wooton.) 

64.  Zenaidura  macroura  macroura.     Mourning  Dove. 

"Very  abundant  in  spring  and  after  Aug.  20  in  Apache  and 
Hachita  ranges."  (Anthony. )— "Abundant  to  11000  ft., 
arrives  in  March,  breeds  from  April  to  July.  San  Mi- 
guel county.  (Mitchell.)— "Common  resident,  Silver 
City."  (Hunn.)  "Voices  heard,  July  8,  Glorieta." 
(Bailey,  F.) — "Numerous  and  breeding  in  summer,  a 
few  in  winter,  Navajo  Reservation."  (Gilman. )— "Seen 
in  Pecos  and  Willis,  April  and  May."  Mentioned  in 
May,  Sept.  and  Dec.  around  Albuquerque.  (Birtwell.) 
— "Common  in  canyons  and  on  mesas  around  Santa 
Fe."  (Henderson.)  Very  abundant  in  summer  and 
common  in  winter  in  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.) 


24  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

65.  Melopelia  asiatica.     White-winged  Dove. 

"One  specimen,  Gila  River,  Oct.  28."  (Henshaw.)— "South- 
western New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

66.  Chaemepelia  passerina  terrestris.     Ground  Dove. 

Have  seen  a  few  times  in  summer  in  parts  of  Mesilla  Valley. 
"One  specimen,  Mesilla  Park,  Aug."  (Ford.) 

67.  Cathartes  aura  septentrionalis.     Turkey  Vulture, 

"Common-after  appearance  in  Aug-.  Young  taken  in  August, 
Apache."  (Anthony.)  "Common  in  Mts.  east  Santa  Fe." 
(Henshaw. )— Not  common,  occurs  to  1200  ft.,  nests  in 
April,  vicinity  of  Las  Vegas."  (Mitchell.)— "Common, 
arrives  March  25,  leaves  in  Oct.,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) 
—"A  few  at  11000  ft.,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey,  F.)— 
"Common  spring,  summer  and  fall,  Navajo  Reserva- 
tion." ( Oilman )• — "One  specimen  May  21,  one  seen  near 
Albuquerque,  Sept.  4  also  Oct.  7"  (Birtwell.) — Saw 
three  in  Jemez  Mts..  one  at  El  Rito."  (Henderson) — 
"Abundant  throughout  southwest."  iWoodhouse.) — 
"They  have  been  observed  in  abundance  in  New  Mexico." 
(Baird.) 

68.  Elanoides forficatus.     Swallow-tailed  Kite. 

"Accidental  west   to    New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

69.  Circus  Hudsonius.     Marsh  Hawk. 

"Abundant  around  Apache  in  Sept.  and  Oct."  (Anthony.) 
—"Common  in  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw. )— "Not  uncom- 
mon in  lower  part  of  San  Miguel  Co.,  breeds  to  8000  ft." 
(Mitchell.) — "Not  uncommon,  especially  in  fall,  Silver 
City."  (Hunn.) — "Specimens  taken  in  Jan.,  May  ank  Oct. 
around  Albuquerque."  ( Birtwell)— Resident  in  Mesilla 
Valley.  (Ford.) 

70.  Accipiter  velox.     Sharp-shinned  Hawk. 

"One  seen  Sept.  23,  Apache."  (Anthony.)  — "Common  in 
Mts.  East  of  Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw.) —"One  seen  Aug. 
28  near  Las  Vegas"  (Bailey  F.) — "One  specimen,  Upper 
Pecos,  Aug."  (Coghill.)— "One  or  two  seen  near  Pe- 
cos, May;  one  between  San  Antonio  and  Tijeras,  Dec. 
21,  and  one  specimen,  Albuquerque,  May  6."  (Birtwell.) 
— "Common  resident,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)  — "Speci- 
mens, Mesilla  Park  in  March  and  Ruidoso  in  Nov." 
(Barber.)— Winter  resident  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.) 

71.  Accipiter  Cooperi.     Coopers 'Hawk. 

"Common  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw.) — "Common 
breeds  to  11000  ft.,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— "One 
specimen  near  Silver  City,  Mar."  (Hunn.) — "One  speci- 
men July  4;  one  killed  Tijerhas,  Dec.;  one  specimen, 
Willis,  Apr.:  seen  in  May,  one  specimen,  Albuquerque, 


ORNITHOLOGY  25 

Sept.  16."  (Birtwell.) — "One  young-  specimen,  Upper 
Pecos,  8000  ft.,  Aug.  19;  common."  ( Cog-hill )— Pecos 
Reservation."  (Cockrell.) — "One  specimen,  Mesilla 
Park,  Dec-"  (Barber.) 

72.  Astur  atricapillus  striatulus.     Western  Goshawk. 

"Several  seen  in  fall  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Pe."  (Henshaw.) 
—  "Specimens  Jan.  9  and  Mar.  7,  vicinity  of  Las  Vegas." 
(Mitahell.) — "Specimens  in  Mimbres  Mts.  and  one  in  a 
shop,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)— "In  Mts.  south  to  New 
Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. ) 

73.  Parabuteo  unicinctus  harrisi.     Harris's  Hawk. 

"Southern  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

74.  Buteo  Borealis  cahirus.     Western  Red-tail. 

"Common  after  Sept.  until  Apr.,  Apache."  (Anthony.)— 
"Resident  and  very  numerous  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe." 
(Henshaw.) — "Fairly  common  to  timber  line,  breeds  in 
Apr.,  vicinity  of  Las  Vegas."  (Mitchell. )— "Seen  about 
camp  and  at  11000  ft.,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey,  P.)— 
"Fairly  common  all  over  plateaus  near  Santa  Pe." 
)Henderson.) — "A  few  seen  Mar.  28,  Willis.  One  seen 
Nov.  29,  Tijeras.  One  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Apr.  14." 
(Birtwell.) — "Fairly  common  along  river  in  Mts., 
breeds,  Navajo  reservation."  (Oilman)— "Common 
resident,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)— One  specimen,  White 
Mts."  (Barber) — "Type  specimen  near  Fort  Webster, 
N.  M."  (A..O.  U.  Check  List.) 

75.  Buteo  abbreviatus.     Zone-tailed  Hawk. 

"Plentiful  in  Apr.,  a  few  in  summer,  Apache."  (Anthony. ) 
— "Southwestern  New  Mexico  on  Gila  River,  one  speci- 
men." (Stephens. )— "New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List. ) 

76.  Buteo  swainsoni.     Swainson'sHawk. 

A  fewin  summer  and  winter,  abundant  in  spring  and  fall,  when 
migrating,  Apache  Range."  (Anthony. )—" Common 
breeds  to  1000  ft  ,  vicinity  of  Las  Vegas."  (Mitchell.) 
— "Noticed  among  groves  but  not  numerous,  Navajo 
Reservation."  (Oilman.)  — "One  seen,  Albuquerque, 
.  Sept.  19."  (Birtwell.)— One  specimen,  Mesilla  Park, 
Apr.  and  nest  taken  with  two  eggs  in  May.  (Ford.) 

77.  Archibuteo    lagopus    samcti-johannis.      Rough  legged 

.      Hawk. 
"Southern  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

78.  Archibuteo  jerrugineus.     Ferruginous  Rough-leg. 

"Northern  New  Mexico,  numerous  in  Nov."  (Henshaw.) 
"Not  uncommon  on  plains  near  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) 
— "Three  seen  on  Navajo  reservation."  (Oilman.) 


26  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

79.  Aquila  chrysaetos.     Golden  eagle. 

"Rather  common  as  a  summer  resident  in  the  Mts.,  east  of 
Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw.)  "Common,  nests  in  Mar.,  to 
timber  line  in  vicinity  of  Las  Vegas.-'  Mitchell.) 
"Several  seen,  one  young-,  on  Pecos  Baldy,  Aug.  18." 
(Bailey,  F.)— "Seen  occasionally,  one  nest,  Navajo  Re- 
servation." (Oilman.) — "Common  in  Mogollon  Mts., 
breeds  in  bluffs  in  Apr."  (Metcalfe. ) — "Common  in 
Mts.,  occasionally  seen  in  fall  and  winter  on  plains 
near  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)— One  specimen,  Dona  Ana 
Mts.,  Jan.  (Ford.) 

80.  Haliaectus  leucocephalus  leucocephalus.     Bald  Eagle. 

"Rare  in  summer,  Fort  Bayard."  (Wilson.)— "Seen  at 
8000  ft.,  Pecos  Mts.,  Aug."  (Bailey,  F.)— "One  seen 
near  Albuquerque,  Feb.  12."  ( Birtwell.)— "One  pair, 
El  Rito,  Aug.  19."  (Henderson.) 

81.  Falco  mexicanus.     Prairie  Falcon. 

"One  seen,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "Seen  at  several  places 
on  Gila  River  in  Nov."  (Henshaw.)  "Fairly  common  in 
eastern  part  of  San  Miguel  county,  breeds  to  9000  ft.  in 
May."  (Mitchell. — "A  few  but  rather  rare,  Navajo  Re- 
servation." (Oilman.) — "One  seen,  Albuquerque,  Jan. 
25."  (Birtwell.) 

82.  Falco  peregrinus  anatum.     Duck  Hawk. 

"-Two  seen,  and  one  taken  sixty  years  ago  at  Santa  Fe." 
(Henderson.) 

83.  Falco  columbarius  columbarius.     Pigeon  Hawk. 

"Not  uncommon  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw.)  — 
"Two  seen,  one  killed,  Navajo  Reservation,  July  4." 
(Oilman. ) 

84.  Falco  columbarius  richardsoni.      Richardson's    Pigeon 

Hawk. 

"One  specimen,  three  others  seen,  winter,  Silver  City." 
(Hunn. ) 

85.  Falco  fusco-caerulescens.     Aplomado  Falcon. 

"One  pair  seen  beetween  Apache  and  Hachita,  June  2." 
(Anthony.)  — "New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

86.  Falco  sparverius  phalaena.     Desert  Sparrow  Hawk. 

"Abundant  during  mig'ration  in  Apache  and  Hachita  re- 
gion." (Anthony.)— "Fairly  common  in  summer  at 
Fort  Bayard."  (Wilson.) — "Common  resident,  less  so 
in  winter,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) — "Glorieta  July  8, 
Truchas  Peak,  13,300  ft.,  Pecos  Baldy  12,600  ft.,  Aug." 
(Bailey,  F.) — "Common  in  Aug.  and  Sept.  around  Albu- 
querque, also  seen  Oct.  and  Dec.  One  seen  Mar.  26, 
Galisteo."  (Birtwell.) — "Common  in  canyons  and  on 


ORNITHOLOGY  27 

mesas  around  Santa  Fe."  (Henderson.)  "One  speci- 
men, Ruidoso."  (Barber.) — Common  the  year  around 
in  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.) 

87.  Pandion  haliaetus  carolinensis.     Osprey. 

"Frequently  seen  in  spring-  and  summer  in  Apache  and 
Hachita  regions,  one  specimen  Apr.  14."  (Anthony.)— 
"Several  seen  in  fall  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe."  (Hen- 
shaw.) — "One  specimen,  Gila  River,  Sept.  17."  (Hen- 
shaw. ) — "One  specimen,  Roswell,  Oct."  (Barber.) 

88.  Aluco  pratincola.     Barn  Owl. 

"One  specimen,  Silver  City,  Sept.  2."  (Hunn.)— One  speci- 
men, Manhus  Springs,  May;  One  specimen,  Mesilla 
Park,  June  16;  others  reported  from  around  Las  Cruces. 
(Ford.) 

89.  Asio  wilsonius,     Long-eared  Owl. 

"One  specimen,  Little  Hachita,  Apr.  30."  (Anthony.) — 
"Rare,  breeds  to  11000  ft.  in  April,  vicinity  of  Las 
Vegas."  (Mitchell.)— "Five  seen,  Jan.  18,  Silver  City." 
(Hunn.)  — "Two  seen  several  times,  Navajo  Reserva- 
tion." (Gilman.)— One  specimen,  Mesilla  Park.  (Ford.) 

90.  Asio  flammeus-     Short-eared  Owl. 

One  specimen,  Tortugas  Mt.,  Mar.     (Ford.) 

91.  Strix  occidentalis  occidentalis.     Spotted  Owl. 

"One  specimen,  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe,  Aug.  20."  (Hen- 
shaw.)  •— "Two  seen  twenty  miles  from  Las  Vegas,  Apr. 
9,500ft."  (Mitchell.)— "One  pair  nested  at  El  Rito." 
(Henderson.)— "Abundant  near  streams  in  New  Mex- 
ico. (Woodhouse.)- "New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List.) 

92.  Cryptoglaux  acadica  acadica.     Saw- whet  Owl. 

One  specimen,  Mesilla  Park.  (Ford.) — "New  Mexico."  (A. 
O.  U.  List.) 

93.  Otus  asio  mccalli.     Texas  Screech  Owl. 

"Common,  breeds  to  timber  line,  vicinity  of  Las  Vegas. 
(Mitchell.) 

94.  Otus  asio  cineraceus.     Mexican  Screech  Owl. 

"Common  resident,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) — "New  Mexico." 
(A.  O.  U.  List.) 

95.  Otus  asio  aikeni.     Aiken's  Screech  Owl. 

"South  probably  to  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 
"One  specimen,  Mangus  Springs,  Jan  16,  a  few  always 
in  summer."  (Metcalfe.) 

96.  £ubo  virginianus  pallescens.     Westhern  Horned  Owl. 

"Common  in  Apache  and  Hachita  ranges."  (Anthony.)  — 
Numerous  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw.)  — 
"Common  resident,  one  nest  Apr.  20,  Silver  City." 


28  NATURAL  RESOURCES  SURVEY 

(Hunn.) — "Heard  in  Pecos  Mts.  and  at  Solitario.  One 
specimen,  Glorieta:  heard  at  8000  and  11000  ft."  (Bai- 
ley. F.)  —  "Heard  several  times  on  Navajo  Reserva- 
tion." (Oilman. )  — "Common  resident  at  Mangus 
Sprmg-s."  (Metcalfe.)— One  specimen,  Ruidoso,  Aug. 
(Barber. )— One  specimen,  Mesilla,  Feb.  (Ford,)  "New 
Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

97.  Bubo  virginianus  subarcticus.     Arctis  Horned  Owl. 

"One  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Nov.  18."     (Birtwell.) 

98.  Bubo  virginianus  saturatus.     Dusky  Horned  Owl. 

"One  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Dec.  19."  (Birtwell.) — "In 
the  Mts.  of  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

99.  Speotyto  sunicularia  hypogaea.     Burrowing  Owl. 

"Common  in  Apache  and  Hachita  ranges."  (Anthony.) — 
"Resident  of  New  Mexico  but  not  abundant."  (Hen- 
shaw. )— " Abundant,  breeds  to  8000  ft.  and  in  May 
and  June,  San  Mig-uel  Co."  ( Mitchell.)  — "Locally  com- 
mon, Silver  City."  (Hunn.)  — "Seen  on  mesas,  one 
family.  Navajo  Reservation."  (Oilman.) — "Seen  occa- 
sionally from  Val  Verde  to  Santa  Fe."  (McCall.)  — 
"Found  abundantly  in  New  Mexico."  (Woodhouse.) 
— "Very  common  resident  in  Mesilla  Valley. "(Ford.) 

100.  Glaucidium  gnoma  gnoma.    'Pygmy  Owl. 

"Type  specimen,  Alma,  Dec.  25."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 
—  "Numerous  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe.  Common  in  New 
Mexico."  (Henshaw.)— "New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U. 
Check  List. ) 

101.  Micropallas  whitneyi.     Elf  Owl. 

"One  specimen  near  Apache,  Sept.  6."     (Anthony.) 
102.-    Geococcyx  calif ornianus.    Road-runners. 

"Not  uncommon  at  Hachita  and  in  Little  Hachita  Mts." 
(Anthony.) — "Abundant,  breeding  in  May,  Fort  Bay- 
ard." (Wilson.)  — "Common  in  southern  New  Mexico." 
(Henshaw.)— "Common  resident  around  Silver  City." 
(Hunn.)— "Seen  ocasionally  on  mesas  around  Santa 
Fe."  (Henderson.) — "Common  resident  all  over  Mesilla 
Valley."  (Ford.) 
103.  Ceryle  alcyon.  Belted  Kingfisher. 

"One  seen  near  Apache,  Sept.  23."  (Anthony.) — "Found 
occasionally  in  N.  M.  Several  seen  in  fall  in  Mts. 
east  of  Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw. )— One  seen  Dec.  26, 
Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs."  (Batchelder.)— "Fairly 
common,  breeds  to  9000  ft.,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.) 
—"Found  along  Pecos  July  11  to  16,  to  7800  ft.  8000  ft." 
(Bailey  F.)— "Seen  in  Willis,  Apr.  and  May."  (Birt- 
well.)— Gallinos  River,  Kronig  Lakes."  (Cockerell.) — 


ORNITHOLOGY  29 

"A   few    seen    in    spring    and   fall    near    Silver   City." 
(Hunn.) 

104.  Dryobates  villosus  hyloscopus.     Cabanis's  Woodpecker. 

"Fairly  common  in  summer  at  Fort  Bayard."  (Wilson) 
— "Rather  common  from  Sept.  to  May  around  Silver 
City."  (Hunn.)— "Central  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U. 
Check  List.) — One  specimen,  Kingston,  Nov.  1."  (Met- 
calfe.)— "One  specimen,  Ruidoso,  Sept."  (Barber.) 

105.  Dryobates  villosus  monticola.     Rocky   Mountain  Hairy 

Woodpecker. 

"Numerous  summer  resident  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe.  (Hen- 
shaw.) — "Two  or  three  seen,  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs, 
Dec."  (Batchelder. )— " Abundant  to  timber  line,  breeds 
in  May,  San  Miguel. Co."  (Mitchell.)— "Seen  7400ft.  to 
11000  ft.  one  family,  Aug.  15,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey  F.) 
— "Resident  on  Navajo  Reservation."  (Oilman.) — 
"Common  throughout  Mts.,  mesas  and  canyons  around 
Santa  Fe."  (Henderson.) — "One  seen  in  Albuquerque, 
Jan.  27."  (Birtwell.)— "New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List. ) 

106.  Dryobates  pubescens   gairdeneri.      Gairdener's    Wood- 

pecker. 

"Common  throughout  New  Mexico."  (Woodhouse.)— "One 
specimen,  Willis,  April  12."  (Birtwell.) 

107.  Dryobates   pubescens    homorus.      Batchelder's    Wood- 

pecker. 

"Not  uncommon  as  summer  residents  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa 
Fe."  (Henshaw. )  "One  adult  male  seen,  Las  Vegas 
Hot  Springs,  Dec.  18."  (Batchelder. )— "Seen  April  12 
and  in  May  at  9000  ft,,  Willis."  (Birtwell.)— "Nesting 
near  river,  not  numerous,  Navajo  Reservation."  (Gil- 
man.) 

108.  Dryobates  scalaris  bairdi.     Texas  Woodpecker. 

"Common  on  yuccas  and  agaves,  Apache,  nest  of  four  or 
five  young  in  May."  (Anthony.)  "Moderately  common 
in  summer  around  Fort  Bayard."  (Wilson.) — "Very 
common  resident  around  Silver  City."  (Hunn,) — "One 
specimen.  Tijerhas,  Jan.  17.  Observed  in  Albuquerque, 
Sept.  19  and  Oct.  14."  (Birtwell. )— One  specimen,  King- 
ston, July  10.  (Metcalfe. )— Resident  in  Mesil]a  Valley. 
(Ford.) 

109.  Dryobates  arizonae.     Arizona  Woodpecker. 

"Southwestern  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

110.  Picoides  americanus  dorsalis.  Alpine  Three-toed  Wood- 

pecker. 
"Common  resident  in  Mts.  east  of    Santa  Fe."     (Henshaw.) 


30  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

—"One  pair  and  young  at  11600  ft.,  Upper  Pecos,  Aug. 
14."  (Bailey,  F. ) — "New  Mexico,  high  mountains." 
(A.  O.  U.  Check  Li st.) 

111.  Sphyrapicus  varius  nuchalis.    Red-naped  Sapsucker. 

"Common  summer  and  fall  resident  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa 
Fe."  (Henshaw.)— "Common,  breeds  from  9000  to  12000 
ft."  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell. )—" Seen  on  Pecos  in 
Transition  Zone  at  8000  ft."  (Bailey,  F.)— "One  speci- 
men, Upper  Pecos,  June  24,  rare.  One  young,  Albu- 
querque, Jan.  9,  one  seen  Sept.  19."  (Birtwell)— "Fairly 
common  around  Silver  City  in  winter  and  spring." 
(Hunn.)  —  "Central  New  Mexico.  Type,  Mimbres  River." 
(A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) — "Two  specimens,  Kingston, 
Nov.  1.  (Metcalfe.) 

112.  Sphyrapicus  thyroides.     Williamson's  Woodpecker. 

"One  seen  near  Hachita,  Sept.  30."  (Anthony.)— "Common 
summer  and  fall  resident  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe. 
Three  specimes  on  Gila  River,  Nov.  5."  (Henshaw.)  — 
"Abundant,  breeds  from  7000  to  11000  ft.,  San  Miguel 
Co."  (Mitchell.)  "Two  specimens  8000  ft.:  seen  9000 
ft.,  Upper  Pecos,  July."  (Bailey,  F.)— "Ranges  south 
as  far  as  New  Mexico.  Winters  in  New  Mexico." 
(Henderson.) — "Upper  Pecos  July."  (Cockerel!. )—" Two 
young  males  seen  on  Navajo  Reservation."  (Oilman.) 
"Reported  from  Tijeras,  Jan.  and  Mar.:  Upper  Pecos, 
May,  June  and  July,  fairly  common;  Willis,  Mar.; 
Albuquerque,  Sept.  and  Oct."  (Birtwell.) 

113.  Melanerpes-erythrocephalus.  Read-headed  Woodpecker. 

"Reported  from  Hall's  Peak."  (Cockerell.) — "Casual  in 
New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

114.  Melanerpes    formicivorus  formicivorus.        Ant-eating 

Woodpecker. 

"Common  resident  from  Pinos  Altos  north."  (Hunn.) — 
"First  seen  Aug.  27,  then  became  numerous."  (Hen- 
shaw)—"One  specimen,  Fort  Wingate,  Aug.  6."  (Shu- 
feldt.— "Common,  breeds  from  8000  to  10000  ft.,  San 
Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— "One  seen  near  Glorieta, 
July  8."  (Bailey,  F.— "Northern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O. 
U.  Check  List. )— Three  specimens,  Kingston,  Aug.  7. 
(Metcalfe.) — One  specimen,  Mescalero,  July.  (Barber.) 
One  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Aug.  and  one  Copper  Mines 
Aug.  (Birtwell.) 

115.  Asyndesmus  lewisi.     Lewis's  Woodpecker. 

"A  number  seen  at  Ft.  Wingate,  May  8."  (Shufeldt. )— 
"Rather  common  in  flocks,  Pinos  Altos."  (Hunn.)  — 
"One  see"n,  June  25,  Mesa  del  Agua  de  la  Yegua;  one 
Sept.  4,  Soltario  Peak."  (Bailey,  F.)— "Two  speci- 


ORNITHOLOGY  31 

mens,  Upper  Pecos,  8000  ft.,  July.  Rare."  (Coghill.) 
One  specimen,  Ruidoso,  Aug.  (Barber.)— "One  killed 
near  Albuquerque,  Sept.  25."  (Birtwell.) — "New  Mex- 
ico." (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

116.  Centurus  uropygialis.     Gila  Woodpecker. 

"Southwestern  New  Mexico,  two  specimens,  Pueblo  Viego, 
Sept.  19."  (Henshaw.)  "Southwestern  New  Mexico." 
(A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

117.  Colaptes  cafer  collaris:    Red~Shafted  Flicker. 

"Common  in  winter  and  spring-,  not  seen  after  April, 
Apache."  (Anthony.) — "Widest diffusion  of  any  family. 
Common  summer  resident  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe." 
(Henshaw.)— "A  half  dozen  or  so  seen  in  Dec.,  Las 
Vegas  Hot  Springs."  (Batchelder.) — "Abundant,  breeds 
to  timber  line,  May  and  June,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mit- 
chell.)—"Fairly  common,  7400  to  11600ft.,  young-  seen 
Aug".  16,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey,  F.) — "Winter  and 
spring-  and  numerous  in  summer,  Navajo  Reservation." 
(Gilman.)— "Commonresident,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)  — 
in  Mts.,  "Common  mesas  and  canyons  near  Santa  Fe." 
(Henderson.) — "Seen  breeding-,  Mch.,  Apr.  and  May, 
Willis;  specimens  from  Albuquerque,  Feb.,  seen  Sept. 
and  Oct.;  reported  by  Cog-hill  from  Upper  Pecos  as 
common  in  June.  Gregarious  in  August."  (Birtwell.) 

118.  Antrostomus  vociferus  macromystax.     Steven's  Whip- 

poor-will. 

"Uncommon,  breeding- July  15.  Ft.  Bayard."  (Wilson.) — 
"Southern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

119.  Phalaenoptilus  nuttalli  nuttalli.     Poor- will. 

"Tolerably  common,  breeds  10000  ft.,  in  June,  San  Miguel 
Co."  (Mitchell.)— "Heard  near  Glorieta  in-  July." 
(Bailey,  F.)— "Heard  in  Jemez  Mts.,  Aug.  18."  (Hen- 
derson.) -"Reported  from  Ft.  Wingate."  (Birtwell.) — 
One  specimen,  Kelley,  May  10.  (Herrick. ) 

120.  Phalaenoptilus  nuttalli  nitidus.     Frosted  Poor-will. 

"Not  uncommon  about  Apache,  after  April  6,  one  seen  in 
Sierra  Hachita  as  late  as  Nov.  24."  (Anthony.)— One 
specimen,  Kingston,  July  7.  (Metcalfe.) 

121.  Chordeiles  acutipennis  texensis.     Texas  Nightnawk. 

"Swarmed  in  June  and  July  around  Deming.  One  seen  at 
Apache  May  17."  (Anthony.) 

122.  Chordeiles  virginianus  henryi,     Western  Nigh thawk. 

"Two  seen  flying  south,  July  26;  one  specimen  Aug.  18, 
Apache."  (Anthony.)  "Abundant,  breeds  to  J 0000  ft., 
San  Miguel. Co."  (Mitchell.")— "Heard  near  Glorieta, 
July  8."  (Bailey,  F.) — "A  few  in  spring  and  summer 


32  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

on  Navajo  Reservation."  (Gilman. )  — ' 'Hundreds  seen 
on  mesas  on  a  cloudy  day."  (Henderson.)— "Hop 
Canyon,  June  20,  seen  a  number  of  times:  one  specimen. 
Albuquerque,  Sept.  16;  one  Magdalena,  June."  (Birt- 
well.) 

123.  Cypseloides  niger  borealis.     Black  Swift. 

"One  specimen  seen  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe  in  Sept." 
(Henshaw. ) 

124.  Aeronautes  melanoleucus.     White-throated  Swift. 

"A  few  seen  in  Hachita  in  April  and  from  Oct.  1  to  15  in 
Hachita."  (Antony.)  "Inscription  Rock  and  one 
specimen  at  Ft.  Wing-ate,  July  13."  (Henshaw. )— "Not 
common,  breeds  in  May  to  timber  line,  San  Miguel  Co." 
(Mitchell.)— "One  seen  flying  over  Pecos  Baldy,  July 
31."  (Bailey,  F.) — "Common  on  rim  of  Rio  Grande 
below  El  Rito."  (Henderson.) 

125.  Eugenes  fulgens.     Rivoli's  Hummingbird. 

"Mountains  of  Southwestern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U. 
Check  List. ) 

126.  Cyanolaemus  clemenciae.  Blue-throated  Hummingbird. 

"Southwestern  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

127.  Archilochus  alexandri.     Black-chinned  Hummingbird. 

"Not  uncommon  in  Aug.,  one  specimen  in  July,  Apache." 
(Anthony.)— "Common  to  8000  ft.,  breeds  in  June,  San 
Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.) — "Fairly  common  near  river, 
mo  re  numerous  in  Mts.,  Navajo  Reservation."  (Gilman.) 

128.  Calypte  costae.     Costa's  Hummingbird. 

"Southwestern  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

129.  Selasphorus  platycercus.     Broad-tailed  Hummingbird. 

"Only  hummer  present  during  migration,  abundant  in  Aug., 
Apache."  (Anthony.)  "Common  summer  resident  in 
Mts.,  east  of  Santa  Fe,  one-specimen,  Inscription  Rock, 
July  24."  (Henshaw. )  —  " Common,  arrives  in  May, 
breeds  to  9000  ft.,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— "Com- 
mon, Glorieta  7000  ft.,  Pecos  Baldy  11600  ft.,  as  late  as 
Aug.  16."  (Bailey,  F.) — "Only  a  few  seen  on  Navajo 
Reservation."  (Gilman.) — "Many  seen  in  Willis  in 
May  and  common  same  month  in  Albuquerque,  one  spe- 
cimen in  Sept."  (Birtweli.) 

130.  Selasphorus  ruf us.     Rufous  Hummingbird. 

"Noticed  last  July,  hundreds  in  Aug..  Apache."  (An- 
thony.)—"Common  summer  resident  in  Mts..  east  of 
Santa  Fe.  Three  specimens,  Inscription  Rock,  July  24; 
one  Deer  Springs,  July  25."  (  Henshaw. )— "One  speci- 
men, Pecos  Mts.,  Aug.  25,  one  Las  Vegas,  Aug.  29.  A 
large  number  were  seen  12600  ft.,  Truchas  Peak,  Pecos 


ORNITHOLOGY  *  33 

Mts.,  Aug.  25."  (Bailey.  P.)— "Nesting- in  June,  Wil- 
lis. Twenty-two  specimens  in  Sept.,  Albuquerque,  study- 
ing" coloration."  (Birtwell.) — "Very  common  in  El 
Rito."  (Henderson. )— Three  specimens,  Kingston,  Aug. 
9.  (Metcalfe.) 

131.  Stellula  calliope.     Calliope  Hummingbird. 

"Abundant  after  July  15,  when  first  seen,  Apache."  (An- 
thony.)— "Common  summer  resident  in  Mts.,  east  of 
Santa  Pe.  Six  specimens,  Inscription  Rock,  July  and 
August."  (Henshaw. ) — "One  specimen  three  miles  south 
of  Pecos,  Aug.  25.  Two  specimens,  Upper  Pecos,  11000 
ft. ,  Ausr.  8."  (Bailey,  P.) — "Six  specimens,  Albuquer- 
que." (Birtwell.) 

132.  Cyanthus  latirostris.     Broad-billed  Hummingbird. 

"Southwestern  New  Mexico."     A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

133.  Tyrannus  tyrannus.     Kingbird. 

"Between  La  Cuesta  and  Sena,  June  30,  and  Ribera,  July 
2."  (Bailey,  P. )—" Northern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U. 
Check  List. ) 

134.  Tyrannus  verticals.     Arkansas  Kingbird. 

"Common  during*  migrating-  season,  Apache  and  Hachita 
ranges."  (Anthony.)— "Not  uncommon  at  Ft.  Win- 
gate."  (Henshaw.)— "Common,  nests  in  June  to  9000 
ft.,  San  Miguel  Co.,"  (Mitchell.) — "Common  during 
spring  migration  after  Apr.  12,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) 
— Specimens,  Albuquerque,  Sept.  10  and  Apr.  14.  (Birt 
well.  — )One  specimen,  Ruidoso,  (Barber.) 

135.  Tyrannus  vociferans.     Cassin's  Kingbixd. 

"Common  during  migrating  season,  Apache  and  Hachita 
ranges."  (Anthony.)  — "Very  abundant,  breeds,  Ft. 
Bayard."  (Wilson.)  — "Specimens,  Ft.  Wingate,  July 
15,  Neutria,  July  19,  Inscription  Rock,  July  23."  (Hen- 
shaw.)— "Common  in  San  Miguel  Co.  Reported  from 
Glorieta,  July  8,  8000  ft."  (Bailey,  P.)— "A  few  seen  in 
spring  on  Navajo  Reservation."  (Oilman.)— "Arrives 
in  Apr.,  common,  breeds,  leaves  in  Oct.,  Silver  City." 
(Hunn.) — "Seen  near  Albuquerque  Apr.  14  and  Sept  20." 
(Birtwell.) 

136.  Myiarchus  crinitus.     Crested  Flycatcher. 

"One  male  specimen,  Gil  a  River,  June  L2."     (Stephens.) 

137.  Myiarchus  magister  magister.     Arizona  Crested  Fly- 

catcher. 
"Southwestern  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

138.  Myiarchus  cinerascens  cinerascens.     Ash-thf*oated  Fly- 

catcher. 

"Abundant  after  Apr.  14,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "Three 
specimens,  Ft.  Wingate,  July  15  and  16,  one  specimen, 


34  NATURAL    RESOURCES   SURVEY 

Inscription  Rock,  July  23."  (Henshaw) — "Common  in 
Junipers  in  June,  San  Miguel  Co.  Juniper  belt,  near 
Glorieta,  July  8,  (Bailey,  F.)— "Abundant  everywhere, 
Shiprock."  (Oilman. )—" Arrives  May  6,  a  few  seen, 
Silver  City. ' '  (Hunn. ) 

139.  Sayornis  phoebe.     Phoebe. 

"A  number  seen  in  May  near  Santa  Rosa."  (Bailey,  F.) — 
'•Northwestern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

140.  Sayornis  sayus.     Say's  Phoebe. 

"Common  after  spring-  migration,  Mar.  12,  nest  taken  May 
26,  none  seen  after  June  1,  till  Aug.  30,  Apache."  (An- 
thony.)—"One  specimen,  Santa  Fe,  July  10,  two  speci- 
mens Ft.  Wingate,  July  15."  (Henshaw.) — "Ft.  Union, 
Mar.  22."  (Coale. ) — Common,  arrives  last  of  Mch., 
breeds,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— "Seen  Aug.  14, 
12000  ft.,  Upper  Pecos.  One  seen  near  Glorieta,  July 
8."  (Bailey,  F.) — "Not  numerous  but  seen  on  plains 
and  in  Mts.,  Shiprock."  (Oilman. )— "Two  seen  daily, 
EIRito."  (Henderson.)  — "Seen  Mch.  13,  Sept.  10  and 
19,  Albuquerque:  Mch.  27,  Pecos;  April  and  May,  Willis, 
Feb.  27,  Tijeras."  (Birtwell.)— "Common  resident,  less 
so  in  winter,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)  -"Common  summer 
resident,  Mangus  Springs."  (Metcalfe.) — Very  common 
summer  resident  all  over  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.) 

141.  Sayornis  nigricans.     Black  Phoebe. 

"Migrating  during  Mch.  and  Apr.,  not  common,  Silver 
City."  (Hunn.) — Two  specimens,  Kingston,  Aug.  8. 
(Metcalfe.) — ',  Southern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List.). 

142.  Nuttallornis  borealis.     Olive  sided  Fly-catcher. 

"Several  seen  Sept.  6.  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "Common 
summer  resident  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw.) 
—  "Common  in  Pecos  Mts.  in  Canadian  and  Hudsonian 
Zones,  Willis  Creek  7800  to  Pecos  Baldy  11600  ft." 
(Bailey,  F.)— "Numerous  spring  migrant,  May  and 
June,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.) — "One  specimen,  Willis, 
May  23."  (Birtwell.) — "One  specimen,  Sawyer's  Peak, 
Aug.  11  and  one  Kingston,  Aug.  11."  (Metcalfe.) 

143.  Myiochanes  richardsoni  richardsoni.     Western  Wood 

Pewee. 

"Seen  only  in  fall,  Aug.  11  and  Sept.  30,  Apache."  (An- 
thony.)—"Numerous  in  summer  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa 
Fe."  (Henshaw.)— "Near  Canadian  River,  June  21, 
•breeding.  Ribera  Aug.  25.  Transition  Zone,  Upper 
Pecos,  7000  ft.  to  8000  ft."  (Bailey  F.)—" Specimens 
May  23  and  June  1,  Willis.  Common  on  Upper  Pecos 


ORNITHOLOGY  35 

at  8000  ft.  in  July.  Abundant  in  May  in  Albuquerque." 
(Birtwell.)— Common  in  Frijoles  Canyon."  (Henderson.) 
— "Fairly  common,  breeds,  Fort  Bayard."  (Wilson.) 

144.  Empidonax  diftcilis  dificilis.     Western  Flycatcher. 

"One  specimen,  May  12,  a  few  seen  and  taken  in  Aug.  and 
Sept.,  Apache"  (Anthony.) — "Rather  common  along- 
water  in  summer  in  Mts  east  of  Santa  Fe."  "Specimens 
from  Ft.  Wing-ate  and  Inscription  Rock,  July,  and 
southern  Apache,  Sept.  8."  (Henshaw)— Rare,  breeds 
sparingly  to  1000  ft.,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— 
"Common  from  8000  to  11000  ft.,  breeding,  Upper  Pecos, 
July  15."  (Bailey  F.)— "Two  seen,  one  killed,  Willis, 
May  28,  also  seen  at  Datil  May  28."  (Birtwell.) 

145.  Empidonax  trailli  trailli.     Train's  Flycatcher. 

"A  few  taken  from  July  30  to  Sept.  6,  Apache."     (Anthony.) 

—  "New   Mexico     included     in     range."     (Henshaw.)— 
"Southern  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

146.  Ewpidonax  hammondi.     Hammond's  Flycatcher. 

"A  few  taken  from  Aug.  31  to  Sept.  15,  Apache."  (An- 
thony.)— "Specimens  Rio  Grande,  June  14;  Ft.  Bayard 
and  Navajo  Creek,  Sept."  (Henshaw.) 

147.  Empidonax  wrighti.     Wright's  Flycatcher. 

"Abundant  from  Apr.  6  to  30  and  from  Aug  18  to  Sept.  16, 
Apache."  (Anthony.)— "Summer  resident,  not  common 
in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe.  Specimens  from  Ft.  Win- 
gate  and  Inscription  Rock,  July,  also  Santa  Fe, 
July."  (Henshaw.) — "Common,  breeds  usually  9000ft., 
San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.) — "Seen  frequently  in 
Apr.;  and  May,  Shiprock."  (Gilman.)— "Common 
during  spring,  Apr.  and  May,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) 

148.  Empidonax  fulvifrons  pygmaeus.      Buff-breasted  Fly- 

catcher. 

"One  specimen  Aug.  16,  several  seen,  Apache."  (Anthony.) 
— "Four  specimens,  Inscription  Rock,  July  24."  (Hen- 
shaw.)— "Southern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List. ) 

149.  Pyrocephalus    rubinus    mexicanus.       Vermillion    Fly- 

catcher. 
"Arrived  in  Apr.  also  noted  in  Sept.,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) 

—  "Southern  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. 

150.  Otocoris  alpestris  adusta.     Scorched  Horned  Lark. 

"Common  on  plains  and  valleys,  Apache  and  Hachita 
ranges"  (Anthony.) — "Small  flocks  seen  in  Sept.  and 
Dec.  around  Albuquerque."  (Birtwell.) — "Southwestern 
New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 


36  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

151.  Otocoris    alpestris    occidentalis.       Montezuma  Horned 

Lark. 

"Abundant  throughout  the  year  around  Silver  City" 
(Hunn. )  —  "Found  on  the  plains  in  south  central  part  of 
New  Mexico/'  (Bailey  F.)— "Type  specimen,  Santa 
Fe."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.  )J 

152.  Otocoris  alpestris  leucolaema.     Desert-Horned  Lark. 

"Rather  common  on  plains  in  Dec.,  around  Las  Vegas  Hot 
Springs."  (Batchelder.) — "A  large  nock,  several 
specimens,  Ft.  Union,  Mch.  22."  (Coale.)— "Abundant 
Breeds  from  8000  ft.,  down,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitch- 
ell.)— "Six  or  more  seen,  12000  ft.,  two  specimens,  Upper 
Pecos,  July  28."  (Bailey,  F.)— "Ft,  Wingate,  Ft. 
Massachusetts,  Ft.  Thorne,  Carlsbad,  Roswell,  La  Plata, 
Deming,  Silver  City,  Albuquerque."  (Oberholser. ) — 
Specimens, May,  Oct.,  Dec.,  Albuquerque;  Feb.,  Socorro, 
Upper  Pecos.  (  Birtwell. )— To  be  seen  on  College  campus 
from  Dec.  to  Mch.  (Ford. )— "Northern  New  Mexico-" 
(A.  O.  U.  Check  List. ) 

153.  Pica  pica  Hudsonia.     Magpie. 

"One  specimen,  Rio  Puerco,  60  miles  west  of  Ft.  Wingate." 
(Henshaw. ) — "Common  from  7000  ft.  up,  breeds  to  12000 
ft.,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)  — "Four  seen,  Aug.  6, 
10400  ft.,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey,  F.)— "Six  or  eight 
seen,  Sep.  3.  Schroinberg. "  (Birtwell.)— "a  few  in 
New  Mexico."  (Woodhouse.)  — "Common  along  river", 
breeds,  Shiprock. "  ( Oilman. )—  "Northern  New  Mex- 
ico." (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

154.  Cyanocitta  cristata  cristata.     Blue  Jay. 

"Casual  in  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  List.) 

155.  Cyanocitta  stellen  diademata      Long-crested  Jay. 

"Numsrous  resident  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe.  Found  in 
Southern  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw. )— "Common  among 
pines  in  Dec.,  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs."  (Batchelder.) 
— "Most  abundant  bird  in  San  Miguel  Co.,  breeds  to 
10000ft."  (Mitchell.)  "Family  seen  July  8.  near  Glo- 
rieta,  11000  ft."  (Bailey,  F.)  "Several  seen  in  Mts.  in 
July,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.) — "Seen  and  collected  in 
Albuquerque,  Jan.,  Mch.,  May,  Sep.  and  Dec.:  Glorieta, 
Dec.  25:  Willis,  Apr.  and  May."  (Birtwell.)  "Com- 
mon all  over  region  around  Santa  Fe."  (Henderson.) 
— "Common  in  Sacramento.  White  and  Mogollon  Mts. 
(Wooton.) — "Common  about  Pinos  Altos."  (Hunn.  )  — 
Two  specimens,  Kingston.  Nov.  12.  (Metcalfe. ) 

156.  Aphelocoma  woodhousei.     Woodhouse's  Jay. 

"Common  in  pinon  growth,  Apache  and  Animas  ranges.  " 
(Anthony.)— "Common,  breeds  in    May  to    8000ft.,  San 


ORNITHOLOGY  37 

Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— "As  high  as  7000  ft.,  Upper 
Pecos,"  (Bailey,  P.) — "One  seen  on  river  Feb.  2;  in 
Mts.  July  2;  Shiprock  in  Aug.''  (Oilman.) — "Seen  and 
specimens  secured,  Tijerhas,  Jan.  21,  plentiful  in  March, 
seen  in  Nov.;  Albuquerque,  Sept.  6  and  10  and  Oct." 
(Birtwell.)  "Abundant  on  mesas  near  Santa  Pe. " 
(Henderson.)— "Common  resident  about  Silver  City." 
(Hunn. ) — One  specimen,  Ruidoso,  Nov.  (Barber.)— One 
specimen,  Kingston,  Aug.  8.  (Metcalfe.) 

157.  Amphelocoma  siberi  siberi.     Arizona  Jay. 

"Ft.  Buchanan,  Copper  Mines,  Ft.  Bayard."  (Henshaw.) — 
"Common  resident,  Silver  City."  (Hunn. )— "Southern 
New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Chek  List.) 

158.  Perisoreus  canadensis  capitolis.     Rocky  Mountain  Jay. 

"Common  in  summer  above  8000  ft.  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa 
Fe."  (Henshaw.)  "Common,  found  only  from  9000  ft. 
up,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell. )— "Common  from  11000 
to  11600  ft.,  as  low  as  10800,  breeds,  Upper  Pecos." 
(Bailey,  P. )— "One  specimen,  Upper  Pecos,  Aug.,  com- 
mon at  10000ft.  and  up;  one  seen  at  Willis  May  9." 
(Birtwell.)  —  "New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. ) 

159.  Corvus  corax  sinuatus.     Raven. 

"Common  throughout  Apache  and  Hachita  regions." 
(Anthony.)— "Rather  common,  breeds  in  higher  Mts. 
east  of  Santa  Fe. "  (Henshaw. )— "Abundant  from  8000 
ft.  up,  breeds  in  May,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.) — 
Family,  near  Glorieta,  July  10,  Pecos  Baldy,  11600  ft.,* 
breeding  July  23."  (Bailey,  F. )—  -^Common  in  New 
Mexico."  (Woodhouse. ) — "Frequently  seen,  Albuquer- 
que, Jan.,  May,  March,  Sept.;  a  few  seen  in  March, 
Tijerhas;  plentiful  in  March,  Galisteo."  (Birtwell.) 
"Casual,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) — "Fairly  common, 
breeds,  Shiprock. "  (Oilman.)  One  specimen,  Ruidoso, 
Oct.  14.  (Barber.) 

160.  Corvus  cryptoleucus,     White-necked  Raven. 

".Very  common  in  Apache  and  Hachita  regions.  Nests  with 
young  were  common  in  July  and  Aug."  (Anthony.)— 
"Resident,  large  flocks,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)— "New 
Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Chech  List. — One  specimen,  Mesilla 
Park.  (Barber) — Common  resident  in  Mesilla  Valley, 
a  pest  on  apples,  1902.  (Ford.) 

161.  Corvus  brachyrhynchos  brachyrhynchos.     Crow. 

"Saw  a  dozen  or  so,  one  killed,  Rio  Mimbres,  in  Apr." 
(Septhens.)— "One  specimen  at  mouth  of  Navajo  Creek, 
Sept.  11."  (Henshaw.) — "Seen  at  El  Macho,  Ribera> 
Bernal  and  Las  Vegas."  (Bailey  F.) — "A  number  seen 
and  heard  in  Jemez  Mts."  (Henderson.)— Abundant  in 


38  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

.  New  Mexico."  ( Woodhouse. )— "Seen  at  Willis  and  Pe- 
cos,  Men.,  Apr.,  and  May  and  two  seen  at  Tijerhas,  Nov. 
28  and  flocks  Nov.  29."  (Birtwell.) — "Common  year 
around,  Mangus  Springs."  t(Metcalfe.)— "One  specimen, 
Ruidoso,  Oct.  14."  (Barber.) — "A  few  but  not  common 
Mesilla  Valley"  (Ford.) 
161.  Corvus  brachyrhynchos  hesperis.  Western  Crow. 

"A  few  seen  in  Oct.  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw.) 
— Abundant  in  New  Mexico."  (Woodhouse.) — "One 
specimen,  Ruidoso,  Oct.  14.  (Barber. )  —  "A  resident  in 
Mesilla  Valley  but  not  common.  (Ford.) 

163.  Nucijraga  columbiana.     Clark's  Nutcracker. 

"Numerous  in  pines  in  fall,  breeds  higher  up,  Mts.  east  of 
Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw.) — "Common from 9000 ft.  to  timber 
line,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)  —  "Canadian  and 
Hudsonian  Zones,  July  and  Aug.,  common  also  at  6000 
8000  ft,,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey  F.)—" Several  seen  in 
Jemez  Mts.,  two  in  Alamo  Canyon,"  (Henderson.) — 
"Two  seen  in  Oct. ,, one  specimen  in  July,  Chucas." 
(Oilman.) — "Seen  at  Willis  Mar.  28,  common  Apr.  and 
May;  one  specimen,  Upper  Pecos,  Aug.,  Gregarious  in 
Aug.,  abundant  in  timber."  (Birtwell.) — "One  speci- 
men, Ruidoso,  Sept."  (Barber.) 

164.  Cyanocephalus  cyanocephalus.     Pinon  Jay. 

"Resident   on    river,  pinon   groves,  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe. 
One    specimen,  Ft.    Wingate,  July  16,  two  specimens  Ft. 
„  Amarilla,  Sept.  5."     (Henshaw.)— "Common   from   8000 

ft.  up,  nests  in  May,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)  — 
"Flock  7000  ft.  six  or  eight  at  12300  ft.,  Truchas  Peak." 
(Bailey,  F.)— "Two  flocks  seen  at  Shiprock.  Common 
in  Mts."  (Oilman.) — "Abundant  fall  migrant,  a  few 
in  winter."  Pinos  Altos."  (Hunn.)  — "Seen  Oct  14,  a 
flock  of  over  one  hundred,  also  seen  Feb.,  Mch.  May  and 
Sept.,  Tijerhas;  a  flock  in  Albuquerque,  Sept.  10;  flocks 
seen  Mch.  27  Pecos,  and  Glorieta,  Dec.  24;  one  specimen, 
San  Antonio,  Aug.,  and  Cerillos  Aug."  (Birtwell.) 

—  "Southern   New   Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.)  — 
"One  specimen,  Ruidoso,  Sept.     (Barber.) 

165.  Molothrus  ater  obscure,     Dwarf  Cowbird. 

"Rare   in  spring,  common  in  summer,  Apache."  (Anthony.) 

—  "Common,    breeds,    San    Miguel    Co."     (Mitchell.)— 
"Casual  in  spring,  Silver    City."     (Hunn.) — "Common, 
breeds,    Shiprock."     (Oilman.) — "Ft.  Yuma,  New  Mex- 
ico."    (Ridgway.)— "Flocks    seen  May  6,  Albuquerque; 
one  specimen,    Willis,   May    11."     (Birtwell.) — "North- 
ern New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. )— Common  in 
spring,  summer  and  fall,  Mesilla  Valley.     (Ford.) 


ORNITHOLOGY  39 

166.  Xanthocephalusxanthocephalus.     Yellow-headed  Black 

bird. 

"Rather  common  in  summer,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — 
"Abundant  in  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw. ) — "Common 
in  spring-  and  fall,  some  in  winter,  Silver  City."(Hunn.) 
— "Eight  were  seen.  Aug.  29,  one  mile  north  of  Las 
Vegas."  (Bailey,  F.) — "Seen  occassionally,  Ship- 
rock."— "Reported  by  Indians  as  having  been  seen  near 
San  Ildefonso."  (Henderson.) — Specimens  from  Rincon, 
Feb.  16,  and  from  Ruidoso.  (Barber.) — "Seen  Apr.  28, 
Pecos;  two  specimens  Sept.  16,  and  flocks  in  May,  Albu- 
querque." (Birtwell.)— One  specimen,  Kingston,  July 
15.  (Metcalfe.) — Common  resident  in  Mesilla  Valley. 
(Ford.) 

167.  Agelaius  phoeniceus  phoeniceus.     Red -winged  Black- 

bird. 

"One  specimen  Apr.  27  and  one  Oct.  19,  Apache. "  (An- 
thony.)— "Several  flocks  seen  in  Dec.,  Las  Vegas  Hot 
Springs."  (Batchelder. )  —  "Generally  found  in  favor- 
able localities  in  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw.) — "Com- 
mon, breeds  to  9000  ft.,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— 
"Seen  frequently  o%n  flooded  land,  Shiprock. "  (Oil- 
man.)—"Reported  by  Indians  from  near  Santa  Fe." 
(Henderson.) 

168.  Agelaius  phoeniceus  fortis.     Thick-billed  Redwing. 

"Common  winter  visitor,  Silver  City."     (Hunn.) 

169.  Agelaius  phoeniceus  neutralis.     San  Diego  Red-wing. 

A  great  many  were  taken  near  Albuquerque,  where  they  were 
plentiful,  for  a  study  of  the  seasonal  changes,  in  colora- 
tion. Taken  during  the  months  of  Jan.,  Feb.,  May, 
Sept.,  Oct..  and  Dec.  One  seen  March  26,  Galisteo; 
mentioned  during  April  and  May  at  Pecos  and  Willis. 
(Birtwell.)— Resident  in  vast  numbers  in  Mesilla  Valley, 
pests  on  corn  and  wheat.  (Ford.) — "Breeds  south  to 
New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

170.  Sturnella  magna  hoopesi.     Rio  Grande  Meadowlark. 

"Southern  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

171.  Sturnella  neglecta.     Western  meadowlark. 

"A  few  seen  in  March  and  April  and  one  or  two  in  Oct. , 
Apache."  (Anthony.) — "Rather  infrequent  in  summer, 
one  specimen  July  2,  Agua  azul."  (Henshaw.) — "Abund- 
ant, breeds  to  8000  ft.;  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— 
"Common  resident  in  winter,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) — 
"Seen  a  few  miles  north  of  Pecos."  (Bailey,  F.)  "Com- 
mon in  cultivated  lands,  Shiprock. ""  (Gilman.) — "Re- 
ported from  Santa  Fe  by  McCall."  (Henderson.) — 


40  NATURAL    RESOURCES   SURVEY 

"Flock  of  two  dozen  Jan.  11,  others  Sept.  14  and  Oct.  7, 
Albuquerque:  one  seen  March  26,  Galisteo."  (Birtvvell.) 
—Permanent  resident,  though  more  numerous  in  summer, 
in  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford,) 

172.  Icterus  parisorum.     Scott's  Oriole. 

"First  seen  April  26,  common  after  May  1,  specimens  taken 
last  of  May,  Apache.''  (Anthony. )— ''One  specimen, 
rare,  Ft.  Bayard."  (Wilson.) — "Several  were  seen  in 
Mts.,  near  Santa  Fe  in  July."  (Nelson. )— "Breeding- 
near  Santa  Rosa  in  May."  (Bailey,  F. )— "One  specimen, 
Coleman  Ranch,  in  Aug..  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) — "East- 
central  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

173.  Icterus  cucullatus  nelsoni.     Arizona  Hooded  Oriole. 

"Arrives  April  13,  common  in  spring,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) 

174.  leterus  bullocki.     Bullock's  Oriole. 

"One  specimen,  May  15,  Apache."  (Anthony. )  — "Tolerably 
common:  breeds  to  10000  ft.,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.) 
— "Arrives  Apr.  30,  common.  Silver  City.  (Hunn.)  "A 
few  pairs  nesting,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.)— "Seen  at 
Mangus  Springs,  Aug.  14."  (Metcalfe. )— Very  Com- 
mon resident  in  Mesilla  Valley  in  summer.  (Ford.) 

175.  Euphagus  cyanocephalus.     Brewer's  Blackbird. 

"Abundant  in  Apache  and  Hachita  regions  after  Apr.  20, 
all  summer  except  last  of  June  and  first  of  July."  (An- 
thony.)— "Abundant  throughout  New  Mexico.''  (Hen- 
shaw. )— "Fairly  common,  breeds  from  plains  to  8000  ft., 
San  Miguel  Co."  ( Mitchell. ( — "Common  from  Sept,  1 
to  May  6,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) — "Common  around 
Shiprock.''  (Oilman.) — ''Common  along  Rio  Grande 
to  Santa  Fe."  (McCall.) — "Common  around  Albuquer- 
que, flocks  seen  Feb.,  May,  Sept.  and  Oct.;  seen  during 
April  and  May,  Willis  and  Pecos;  specimens  from  Rin- 
con  in  Feb."  (Birtwell. )— A  resident  of  Mesilla  Valley. 
(Ford.) 

176.  Hesperiphona  vespertina  montana.     Western  Evening 

Grosbeak. 

"Rather  common  in  spring,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)— "A 
few  in  southwestern  New  Mexico. ' '  ( Stephens. ) — ' 'Very 
numerous  fall  migrant  at  Ft.  Wingate."  (Shufeldt. ) — 
"Flock  and  a  few  pairs  in  Pecos  Mts.  Along  Pecos 
River  in  July,  flocks  8000  ft.,  and  lower,  Aug.".  (Bailey 
F.)— "Ft.  Thome  and  Burgwyn.''  (Ridgway.)— "Plen- 
tiful, seen  in  May;  a  flock  of  12  Oct.  20,  Albuquerque.'' 
(Birtwell.) -"Las  Vegas  in  fall."  (Cockerell.) 


ORNITHOLOGY  41 

177.  Pinicola  enucleator  montana.     Rocky   Mountain  Pine 

Grosbeak. 

''Two  specimens.  Canadian  and  Hudsonian  Zones,  one 
family  seen  at  head  of  Pecos  River,  Aug.  14,  12000  ft.'' 
(Bailey,  F.)— Two  specimens,  Kingston,  Nov.  12."  (Met- 
calfe. ) 

178.  Carpodacus  cassini.     Cassin's  Purple  Finch. 

"A  few  seen  in  summer  and  fall  in  Mts.,  east  of  Santa  Fe. 
Large  flocks,  nine  specimens,  Salt  Lake,  south  of  Zuiii, 
Nov.  20."  (Henshaw.) — "One  seen,  Upper  Pecos,  July 
15."  (Bailey,  F.)— "A  few  seen  May  6  and  9,  Albu- 
querque; one  specimen, Upper  Pecos,  July,  rare,  one 
specimen,  Socorro,  Jan."  (Birtwell.) — "Northern  New 
Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

179.  Carpodacus  mexicanusfrontalis.     House  Finch. 

"Common  in  Apache  and  Hachita  regions  from  February 
until  April  15."  Anthony. )  —  "Great  numbers  were  seen 
at  Taos."  (Henshaw. )—"  Abundant  around  Las  Vegas." 
( Mitchell. )--'  'Abundant  resident  at  Silver  City . "(  Hunn. ) 
— "Seen  at  the  base  of  the  range  between  Pecos  and 
Glorieta. ' '  ( Bailey,  F. )— "Numerous,  breeds,  Shiprock. ' ' 
( Oilman.)— "Heard  continuously  around  Albuquerque; 
plentiful  around  Pecos,  March  27;  one  specimen  from 
Herrick,  killed  at  Gallinas  Springs,  April  1."  (Birt- 
well.)— "Common  in  Santa  Fe. "  (Henderson.)— A  com- 
mon permanent  resident  in  Mesilla  Valley.  A  pest  on 
apples.  (Ford.) 

180.  Loxia  curvirostra  stricklandi.     Mexican  Crossbill 

"One  seen  Oct.  20  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw.)— 
"A  small  flock  seen  Dec.  20,  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs." 
(Batchelder.)— "Common  at  11000  ft.,  a  few  11600;  Aug. 
21,  seen  at  8000  ft. ,  Upper  Pecos. ' '  ( Bailey,  F. )— "Com- 
mon on  Jemez  Mts.  near  Valle  Grande,  Aug.  20." 
(Henderson.)— "Mogollon  Mts."  (Ridgway.) 

181.  Leucosticte  australis.     Brown-capped  Rosy  Finch. 

"Two  specimens,  Wheeler's  Peak,  July  28-9."  (Bailey,  F.) 
— "Northern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

182.  Astragalinus  tristis  pallidus.     Pale  Goldfinch. 

"Seen  a  few  times,  not  common,  Shiprock."     (Gilman.) 

183.  Astragalinus  psaltria  psaltria.     Arkansas  Goldfinch. 

"A  few  seen  in  Little  Hachita,  April  26  and  30."  (Anthony.) 
--"One  specimen,  inscription  Rock,  Aug.  23."  (Hen- 
shaw. )--"Not  common,  breeds  to  10000  ft.,  San  Miguel 
Co."  (Mitchell.)— "Found  at  Glorieta  in  July."  (Bailey, 
F.)— "Present  during  breeding  season,  not  common, 
Shiprock.,'  (Gilman.)— "Seen  Sept.  3,  a  few  in  Oct., 


42  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

Nov.,  and  Dec.,  Albuquerque. "  (Birtwell.) — "One  of 
the  most  abundant  birds  in  Trijoles  Canyon."  (Hen- 
derson.)—Three  specimens,  Kingston,  July  16.''  (Met- 
calfe. ) 

184.  Astragalinus   psaltria    hesperophilus.      Green-backed 

Goldfinch. 

"Extreme  southwestern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List. ) 

185.  Astragalinus  lawrencei.     Lawrence's  Goldfinch. 

"East  to  New  Mexico."     (A,  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

186.  Spinus  pinus.     Pine  Siskin. 

"Abundant  in  fall  in  Mts.,  east  of  Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw. ) 
— "Abundant  around  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs  in  Dec. 
(Batchelder. )— "Has  been  seen  every  month  except  June, 
July  and  Aug.  in  Grant  Co'"  (Hunn. — "Common  in 
Aug.,  seen  from  7500  to  11600  ft,,  a  family  at  10400, 
Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey,  F.)— "Seen  along  river  in 
April,  six  in  Mts.,  in  July,  Shiprock."  (Gilman — 
"Plentiful  in  Upper  Pecos  in  July,  gregarious;  abund- 
ant in  Willis,  Mich.,  Apr.  and  May;  seen  in  Albuquer- 
que, May,  Nov.,  and  Dec."  (Birtwell) — "Saw  flocks  in 
Filmore  Canyon,  Organ  Mts.,  in  April."  (Metcalfe.) — 
"Southern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  List.)  Resident 
in  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.)  •* 

187.  Calearius  ornatus.     Chesnut-collared  Longspur. 

"Large  flocks  seen  in  Apache  region  in  spring  until  Apr.  10, 
also  as  early  as  Oct.  1."  (Anthony.) — "One  specimen 
in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe,  Sept.  12."  (Henshaw.) — 
"Four  specimens,  Ft,  Union,  Mch.  22."  (Coale.)— 
"Abundant  in  winter  on  plains,  leave  in  Apr.,  Silver 
City."  (Hunn.)— "Ft.  Thorne  and  Upper  Pecos." 
(Ridgway. ) 

188.  Rhyncophanes  mccowni.     McCown's  Longspur. 

"Observed  along  Southern  Pacific  R.  R.,  near  Apache  from 
Oct.  until 'Feb."  (Anthony.) — "Six  specimens,  Ft.  Bay- 
ard, Oct.  22."  (Henshaw.)— "Ft.  Union,  Mch.  22." 
(Coale.) — "One  specimen,  others  seen  near  Tijeras,  Jan. 
17;  seen  on  mesa  near  Albuquerque,  Jan. and  Dec."  (Birt- 
well.) 

189.  Pooecetes  gramineus  confinis.  Western  Vesper  Sparrow. 

"Abundant  during  spring  migrations  in  lower  regions  of 
Hachita  and  Apache  regions,  rare  in  Oct."  (Anthony.) 
— "Ones  pecimen,  Sept.  20,  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe." 
(Henshaw. ) -"Common  to  8000  ft.,  San  Miguel  Co." 
(Mitchell.) — "Seen  a  number  of  times  from  July  25  to 
Aug.  17,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey,  F.)  — Flocks  seen 
around  Albuquerque  in  Sept.  and  Oct.;  three  or  four 


ORNITHOLOGY  43 

seen  in  Willis  in  May."  (Birtwell.) — "Common  about 
fields  near  Shiprock."  (Oilman. )— "Common  from  Sep. 
to  Apr.,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)— "Boca  Grande."  (Ridg- 
way.)— Specimens  from  Mesilla  Valley  in  Men.  Apr.  and 
May.  (Ford.) 

190.  Passerculus   sandwhichensis  alaudinus.     Western  Sa- 

vannah Sparrow. 

"Extends  through  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw.)  — "Through- 
out New  Mexico."  ( Woodhouse. )— One  specimen,  Albu- 
querque Sept.  7.  (Birtwell.)— One  specimen,  Mesilla 
Park,  in  March.  (Ford.) 

191.  Ammodramus  bairdi.     Baird's  Sparrow. 

"One  specimen,  Gila  River,  Oct.  16,  two  specimens,  Mts. 
east  of  Santa  Fe,  in  summer."  (Henshaw.)— "One 
specimen  twelve  miles  north  of  Las  Vegas,  Sept.  2;  one 
specimen  at  timber  line,  Aug.  11.  (Bailey,  F.)— "One 
specimen,  Albuquerque,  Sept.  7."  (Birtwell.)— "Mi- 
grates through  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

192.  Ammodramus    savannarum    bimaculatus.       Western 

Grasshopper  Sparrow. 

"Very  common  in  some  parts  of  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U. 
Check  List. ) 

193.  Chondestes  grammacus  strigatus.     Western  Lark  Spar 

row.- 

"Very  abundant  during  migration,  more  so  in  spring, 
Apache."  (Anthony.)— "Abundant  from  plains  to  8000 
ft.,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell. )—" Arrives  Apr.  9, 
common  by  May,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) — "Arrives 
May  1,  very  numerous,  Shiprock."  (Gilman. )  "A  few 
seen  at  foot  of  Jemez  Mts.,  reported  on  plains  by  Mc- 
Call."  (Henderson.) — "A  few  seen  in  Willis  in  May; 
one  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Apr.  14.  early:  San  Anto- 
nio, Aug."  (Birtwell.)— "Common  on  foothills  of  Man- 
gus  Springs,  in  Summer."  (Metcalfe.)— One  specimen, 
Gila  Hot  Springs,  Aug.  (Barber.)— One  specimen,  Me- 
silla Park,  April.  (Ford.) 

194.  Zonotrichia    leucophrys    leucophrys.       White-crowned 

Sparrow. 

"Very  abundant  from  Feb.  until  April,  Apache."  (An- 
thony.)— "Rare  migrant  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe." 
(Henshaw. )— "Common,  breeds  to  11000  ft.,  Pecos  Mts." 
(Bailey  F.)— "Fairly  common  in  winter  and  spring, 
Shiprock."  (Gilman.)— "Abundant  winter  resident, 
leaves  May  1,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) 


44  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

195.  Zonotrichialeucophrysgambeli.  Intermediate  Sparrow. 

"Common  as  a  migrant,  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe."  (Hen- 
shaw. )— "Uncommon  in  summer,  also  fall,  Ft.  Bayard." 
(Wilson.) — "One  seen  Dec.  12,  immature,  Las  Vegas 
Hot  Spring's"  (Batchelder.)  — "Not  very  numerous, 
Shiprock."  (Oilman.) — "Seven  or  eight  seen  Sept.  30 
also  a  few  in  May,  Dec.  and  Oct.;  specimens  from  So- 
corro  and  Pecos."  (Birt\vell.( — -Very  common  resident 
in  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.) 

196.  Spizella  monticola  ochracea.     Western    Tree  Sparrow. 

"A  small  flock  occasionally  in  Dec. ,  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs. 
(Batchelder.)  —"Common  in  brush  in  winter  and  Spring, 
Shiprock."     (Gilman.)— One     specimen,     Albuquerque, 
Nov.  18     (Birtwell.) — "Winters    in    New  Mexico."     (A. 
O.  U.  Check  List.) 

197.  Spizella  passerina  arizonae.     Western  Chipping  Spar- 

row. 

"Very  abundant  as  migrant,  Apache."  (Anthony:) — "Abund- 
ant summer  resident  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe.  One 
specimen,  Ft.  Wingate,  two  specimens,  Santa  Fe,  one 
specimen,  Inscription  Rock,  June  and  July. "  (Henshaw. ) 
—"A  few  in  fall,  Ft.  Bayard."  (Wilson.)— "Abundant 
to  9000  ft.,  breeds,  common  at  7000  ft.,  San  Miguel  Co." 
(Mitchell.)— "Common  at  11000  ft.,  breeds  in  July,  Glo-. 
rieta  and  Pecos  Mts."  (Bailey,  F.) — "Seen'during  April 
and  May,  Pecos  and  Willis;  very  common  on  mesas  near 
Albuquerque,  May  6,  also  seen  in  Sept."  (Birtwell.)— 
"Common  in  El  Rito  Canyon."  (Henderson.) — "Com- 
mon resident  at  Shiprock."  (Gilman.)  "Common 
resident  at  Silver  City."  (Hunn. ) — Two  specimens,  July 
10,  Kingston.  (Metcalfe. )—  Winter  and  perhaps  perma- 
nent resident  in  Mesilla  Valley,  specimens  February  and 
April.  (Ford.) 

198.  Spizella  pallida.     Clay-colored  Sparrow. 

"Common  as  migrant,  Apache."  (Anthony.)— "Common 
the  last  of  Aug.,  Las  Vegas."  (Bailey,  F. ) — "A  flock 
seen  Sept.  14,  Albuquerque."  (Birtwell.)— "Winters 
from  southern  New  Mexico  south."  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List.) 

199.  Spizella  breweri.     Brewer's  Sparrow. 

"Common  as  migrant,  Apache."  (Anthony.)— "Rather 
abundant,  Gila  River,  one  specimen  Sept.  1."  (Hen- 
shaw.)— "Flocks  seen  last  of  Aug,  near  Las  Veg'as." 
(Bailey,  F.) — "Frequently  seen  in  spring,  Shiprock." 
(Gilman.)— "Flocks  seen  Sept.  3  near  Albuquerque." 
(Birtwell.) — Summer  resident  in  Mesilla  Valley,  breeds, 
specimens  March  and  May.  (Ford.) 


ORNITHOLOGY  45 

200.  Spizella  wortheni.     Worthon's  Sparrow. 

"Type  specimen,  Silver  City."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

201.  Spizella  atrogularis.     Black  chinned  Sparrow. 

"One  specimen,  Oct.  9,  Little  Hachita,  one  seen  Nov.  24, 
Big' Hachita. "  (Anthony.)— "Southern  New  Mexico." 
(A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

202.  Junco  aikeni.     White- winged  Junco. 

"Casually  to  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

203.  Junco  hyemalis  hyemalis.     Slate-colored  Junco. 

"Two  seen  in  Men. ,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.)— One  specimen, 
Albuquerque,  Nov.  3.  (Birtwell.) — "Casual  in  New 
Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. 

204.  Junco  hyemalis  connectens.     Shufeldt's  Junco. 

"Common  winter  resident,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "Com- 
mon summer  resident  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe."  (Hen- 
shaw. ) — "Plentiful  along  Gila  River."  (Stephens.) — 
"Very  abundant  in  Dec. ,  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs." 
(Batchelder. )  —  "Common  last  of  Oct.,  Ft.  Bayard." 
(Wilson.) — "Type  specimen,  Ft.  Wing-ate,  Oct.  13." 
(Coale. ) — "Abundant  winter  resident,  Silver  City." 
(Hunn.) — "Common  in  winter  and  early  spring,  Ship- 
rock."  (Oilman.) — "One  specimen  from  a  flock,  Jan. 
11,  a  few  in  Nov.,  flocks  in  Sept.,  rare  in  winter,  Albu- 
querque." (Birtwell.) — "Winters  in  New  Mexico."  (A. 
O.  U.  Check  List.) 

205.  Junco  hyemalis  montanus.     Montana  Junco. 

"Winters  south  of  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

206.  Junco  hyemalis  mearnsi.     Pink-sided  Junco. 

"Common  winter  resident  in  all  Mts.  visited,  Apache  and 
Hachita."  (Anthony. )— "Common  summer  resident  in 
Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe.  One  specimen,  Silver  City,  Oct. 
24,  not  common."  (Heushaw. ) — "Las  Vegas  Hot 
Springs,  Dec.  (5  and  22."  (Batchelder. )— "Ft.  Union, 
Mch.  22."  "Specimens  secured,  Ft.  Marcy,  Mch.  25.". 
(Coale.)  —  "Abundant  winter  resident,  Silver  City." 
(Hunn.)  — "Seen  in  winter  and  spring,  Shiprock."  (Oil- 
man.)—  "Winters  south  through  New  Mexico."  (A.  O. 
U.  List.)  "One  specimen,  Albuquerque  Nov.  3."  (Birt- 
well.) 

207.  Junco  hyemalis  annectens.     Ridgeway's  Junco. 

"One  specimen,  Little  Hachita,  Fall."  (Anthony.)— "One 
specimen  from  flock,  Albuquerque,  Dec.  20."  (Birtwell.) 

208.  Junco  phaeonotus  dorsalis.     Red-backed  Junco. 

"Common  in  high  Mts.  July  16,  a  nest  of  three  eggs." 
( Stephens. ) — Refers  to  nest  of  eggs  taken  in  New  Mexico. 
(Brew.) — "Abundant,  common  to  8000  ft.,  breeds,  San 


46  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— "One  specimen  July  13,  8000 
ft.,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey,  F.) — "Abundant  from  base 
to  top  of  Jemez  Mts."  (Henderson.)  "Breeds  in  high 
Mts.  of  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.)— One 
specimen,  Upper  Pecos,  July  18.  (Cog-hill.)— One  speci- 
men, Ruidoso,  Aug.  (Barber.) 

209.  Junco  phaeonotus  caniceps.     Gray-headed  Junco. 

"Common  winter  resident  in  all  Mts.,  visited,  Apache  and 
Hachita  ranges. "  (Anthony.) — "Common  summer  re- 
sident in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Pe."  (Henshaw.) — "Very 
abundant  in  Dec.,  Las  Vegas  Hot  Spring's."  (Bat- 
chelder. ) — "Specimens  secured,  Ft.  Marcy,  March  25." 
(Coale. )  — "Fairly  common  winter  visitor,  Silver  City." 
(Hunn.)— "Breeds  abundantly  in  July,  11000  ft.,  Upper 
Pecos."  (Bailey,  F.) — "Seen  on  river  in  spring1,  breeds 
in  Mts.  in  July,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.)  "Common  in 
Willis,  March,  April  and  May;  a  flock  seen  January  21? 
Tijeras."  (Birtwell.) — "Breeds  in  Northern  New  Mex- 
ico." (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

210.  Amphispiza  bilineata  deserticola.     Desert  Sparrow. 

"One  specimen,  Ft.  Wingate,  July  14."  (Henshaw.) — "Very 
common  summer  resident,  a  few  in  winter,  Silver  City." 
(Hunn.)— "Seen  June  24,  Rio  Concho;  July  7,  SantaFe.'' 
(Bailey,  F.) — "Seen  along  river  and  plains,  Shiprock." 
(Gilman.) — Quite  common  along  foothills  of  Org'ans, 
especially  in  summer.  (Ford.) 

211.  Amphispiza  belli.     Bell's  Sparrow. 

"San  Marcial  and  Ft.  Thome  "     (Ridway.) 

212.  Amphispiza  nevadensis  nevadensis.     Sage  Sparrow. 

"Common  in  fall  and  winter,  San  Macial."  (Goss.) — 
"Winters  in  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw.) — "Winter  re- 
sident in  small  numbers,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)  — "Seen 
twice  near  sulphur  springs,  Shiprock."  (Gilman.) — 
"Winters  in  southern  Mew  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List.) — One  specimen,  Mesilla  Park,  Jan.  7.  (Metcalfe). 

213.  Peucaea  cassini.     Cassin's  Sparrow. 

"Ffrst  seen  July  19,  common  until  fall,  Apache."  (An- 
thony.)— "One  specimen,  Upper  Pecos."  (Henshaw.) — 
"J-une  28,  Cavra  Spring,  south  central  part  of  San  Mi- 
guel Co."  (Bailey,  F.) 

214.  Aimophila  ruficeps  scotti.     Scott's  Sparrow. 

"Common  from  Feb.  to  Oct.,  1886, none  seen  Oct.  and  Nov. 
1889,  Apache."  (Anthony.)— "Southern  New  Mexico. 
One  specimen,  Ft.  Bayard,  Oct.  19."  (Henshaw.)  "One 
specimen  June  25,  6000  ft.,  Upper  Sonoran  Zone,  near 
Mesa  del  Agua  de  la  Yegua.'4  (Bailey,  F.) 


ORNITHOLOGY  47 

215.  Melospiza  melodiafallax.     Desert  Song  Sparrow. 

"One  specimen,  Ft.  Bayard,  Oct.  19."  (Henshaw. )— "A 
flock  seen,  one  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Feb.  8."  (Birt- 
well.) 

216.  Melospiza  melodia  montana.    Mountain  Song  Sparrow. 

"A  few  seen  in  Dec.,  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs."  (Batch- 
elder.)— "Common,  breed  from  6000  to  9000  ft.,  San  Mi- 
guel Co."  (Mitchell.) -"Two  seen,  Tijeras,  Mch.  21; 
two  specimens.  Albuquerque,  Jan.  and  Feb.;  one  speci- 
men, Socorro,  Dec.  14."  (Birtwell.)— "Scarce,  just  ar- 
rived, Kingston,  one  specimen,  Nov.  1."  (Metcalfe.  )  — 
Spe&imens,  Mesilla  Park.  Jan.  and  Mch.  (Ford.) — 
"Breeds  in  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

217.  Melospiza  lincolni  lincolni.     Lincoln's  Sparrow. 

"First  seen  Sept.  12,  numerous  in  fall,  Mts.  east  of  Santa 
Fe."  (Henshaw.)-  -"Fall  and  spring  migrant,  Silver 
.  City."  (Hunn.)- "Breeding  at  11000  ft.,  July,  Upper 
Pecos."  (Bailey,  F.)— "A  few  in  Feb.  and  Mch.,  Ship- 
rock."  (Gilman. ) — One  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Oct.  9, 
(Birtwell.) 

218.  Passerella  iliaca  schistacea.     Slate-colored  Sparrow. 

"Winters  south  to  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

219.  Pipilo  maculatus  arcticus.     Arctic  Towhee. 

"Eastern  New  Mexico."     (Ridgway.) 

220.  Pipilo  maculatus  montanus.     Spurred  Towhee. 

"A  few  seen  during  migration,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — 
"Uncommon,  one  or  two  pairs  during  summer  in  Mts. 
east  of  Santa  Fe.  One  Specimen,  Ft.  Wingate,  July 
16."  (Henshaw.)— "Ft.  Union,  Mch.  22."  (Coale.)— 
"Occurs  in  small  numbers  in  Dec..,  Las  Vegas  Hot 
Springs."  (Batchelder. ) — "Abundant  in  New  Mexico 
in  bushy  districts."  (Stephens.)— "Common  June  25, 
Mesa  del  Agua  de  la  Yegua,  also  west  of  Pecos.  Fairly 
common  in  foothills  between  Pecos  and  Santa  Fe. " 
(Bailey,  F.) — "Young  and  adults  seen  in  Chusca  Mts." 
(Gilman.) — "A  few  seen  in  canyons  and  on  mesas  at  El 
Rito."  (Henderson.) — "One  seen  in  Albuquerque,  Sept. 
19;  one  specimen,  Pecos,  April."  (Birtwell — "East  to 
New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.)  One  specimen, 
Kingston.  Oct.  24.  (Metcalfe.) — A  resident  of  Mesilla 
Valley,  two  specimens,  Mesilla  Park,  Feb.  and  Mch. 
(Ford.) 

221.  Pipilo  fuscus  mesoleucus.     Cinon  Towhee. 

"Abundant  in  Apache  and  Hachita  Mts.,  nests  with  fresh 
eggs  June  8  and  July  31."  (Anthony,)— "Common  in 
Glorieta  and  a  little  further  up;  rather  numerous,  one 
specimen,  Santa  Fe,  June  20."  (Henshaw. )— "Partial 


4y  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

to  rocky  localities  in  Gila  basin."  (Stephens.) — "Com- 
mon, seen  in  Dec.,  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs."  ( Batch- 
elder.)— "Common,  breeds  abundantly,  San  Miguel  Co." 
(Mitchell.)— "Ft.  Union,  Mch.  22."  (Coale. )— "Abund- 
ant resident,  Silver  City."  (Hunn. )— "Common  in 
Upper  Sonoran  and  as  high  as  7200  ft.,  Upper  Pecos." 
(Bailey.) — "Two  specimens  seen  often,  Tijeras;  seen 
during  Apr.  and  May,  Pecos  and  Willis;  Glorieta  in 
Dec.:  Albuquerque  in  Sept."  (Birtwell.) — Three  speci- 
mens, Kingston,  Aug.  9."  (Metcalfe.) — Common  resi- 
dent in  Organ  Mts.,  a  few  in  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.) 

222.  Pipilo  aberti.         Abert's  Towhee. 

"Sparingly  found  along  the  Gila  River;  in  river  bottom, 
Old  Ft.  West,  breeds  first  seen  Feb.  11."  (Stephens.) — 
"Common  to  9000  ft.,  in  summer,  San  Miguel  Co." 
( Mitchell. ) — "Southwestern  New  Mexicy,  type  specimen. ' ' 
(A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

223.  Pipilo  chlorura.     Green-tailed  Towhee. 

"Seeu  during  migrating  season,  more  in  fall,  Apache. " 
(Anthony.) — "In  Nov.  thousands  seen,  Ft.  Wingate  and 
Santa  Fe,  also  seen  in  both  places  in  summer.  One 
brood  seen,  a  few  during  migration  in  Mts.  east  of 
Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw. )— "Seen  on  Gila  River,  early 
spring  migration."  (Stephens.)  —  "Common,  breeds 
from  7000  to  9000  ft.,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)  — 
"Common  summer  resident,  Silver  City."  (Hunn!)— 
"One  specimen  8000  ft.,  July  13,  Upper  Pecos. "  ( Bailey 
F.) — "Common  at  Shiprock  during  spring  migration. " 
(Gilman.) — "A  few  seen,  one  specimen,  Pecos,  Sept.  7 
and  30;  seen  in  Albuquerque  in  May."  (Birtwell.) — 
"Breeds  in  southeastern  New  Mexico."  A.  O.  U.  Check 
List.)— Resident  of  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford. ) 

224.  Pyrrhuloxia  sinuata  sinuata.     Arizona  Pyrrhuloxia. 

"Southern  New  Mexico"  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. )— Common 
resident  of  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.) 

225.  Zamelodia  melanocephala.     Black-headed  Grosbeak. 

"A  few  during  migration,  Apache."  (Anthony. )  — "Nu- 
merous in  New  Mexico."-  (Henshaw.) — "Fairly  common, 
breeds  from  8000,  ft.  down,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.) 
—"One  specimen  July  15,  8000  ft.,  Upper  Pecos." 
(Bailey,  F.)— "One  pair  raised  brood  in  El  Rito 
Canyon."  (Henderson.)— "Three  specimens,  Willis, 
May;  one  seen,  Albuquerque,  May  6."  (Birtwell.)— 
"Common,  breeds,  Shiprock."'  (Gilman.)— "Arrives 
May  6,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) — "Four  specimen,  Kings- 
ton, June  24. ' '  (Metcalfe. ) 


ORNITHOLOGY  49 

^26.     Guiraca  caerulea  lazula.     Western  Blue  Grosbeak. 

"Found  as  far  north  as  near  Santa  Pe.''  (Henshaw.)  — 
"One  reported  Aug.  6,  Upper  Sonoran  Zone,  eight  miles 
north  of  Pecos.  Seen  Aug.  26,  July  2  and  11,  between 
Kiberia  and  Glorieta."  (Bailey,  P.)— "Three  seen  Aug. 
16,  Shiprock. "  ( Oilman.) — "Two  specimen,  Albuquer- 
que, Sept."  (Birtwell.)— Reported  from  Silver  City, 
Aug.  14.  Comon  summer  resident  in  Mesilla  Valley. 
(Ford.) 

227.  Passerina  amoena.     Lazuli  Bunting. 

"A  few  immature  and  females  seen  during  migration,  Apa- 
che." (Anthony.)— "Diffusion  in  New  Mexico  general. 
One  specimen,  Aug.  8,  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Pe."  (Hen- 
shaw.)— "One  seen  along  river  in  Aug.,  Shiprock." 
(Oilman.) — "Seen  Aug.  L4,  Mangus  Springs."  (Met- 
calfe.) 

228.  Passerina  ciris.     Painted  Bunting. 

"South  to  southeastern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List.) — Summer  resident,  Mesilla  Valley,  one  specimen, 
Mesilla  Park,  June.  (Ford.) 

229.  Spiza  americana.     Dickcissel. 

"Extends  through  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw. )— "Very  com- 
mon on  the  prairies  in  New  Mexico."  (Woodhoune.) 

230.  Calamospiza  melanocorys.     Lark  Bunting. 

"Pew  in  spring,  and  after  Aug.  1  until  late  Oct.,  thousands 
on  plains,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "One  specimen,  Zufii, 
July  25,  a  few  seen."  (Henshaw.) — "Common  from  Oct. 
to  May,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)  — "One  male  seen  in 
center  of  county  June  24;  small  flocks  Aug.  29  and  Sept. 

1,  Las  Vegas."     (Bailey,  P.)— "Flock  of  about  30,  June 

2,  Shiprock."      (Oilman.)— Two     specimens,     Deming, 
March.     (Birtwell.) — "South  to  northwestern  New  Mex- 
ico."    (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.)— Always   large   flocks   in 
spring  and  fall,  Mesilla  Valley.     )Ford.) 

231.  Piranga  ludoviciana.     Western  Tanager. 

"Seen  occasionally,  young  and  females  mostly,  from  July 
26  to  Sept.  26,  Apache."  (Anthony.)— "Not  common,  a 
few  breeding  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe.  One  specimen, 
Nutria,  July  19."  (Henshaw.) — "Pecos  Mts.,  breeding 
season,  one  Bernal  Mesa,  Aug.  27;  one  pair  and  young 
8000  ft.,  July  18,  seen  at  10000  ft.,  Upper  Pecos.  (Bailey, 
P.)— "Two  specimens,  Willis,  May  16  and  18,  others 
seen;  one  specimen.  Upper  Pecos,  July  12;  heard  Sept. 
10,  Albuquerque."  (Birtwall.)— "A  few  in  May;  in  Mts. 
in  July,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.)— "Transient,  Silver 
City."  (Hunn. )— "Bad  on  cherries  in  Santa  Fe." 
(Boyle.)— One  specimen,  Kingston,  Aug.  8.  (Metcalfe.) 


50  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

232.  Piranga  hepatica.     Hepatic  Tanager. 

"One  male  seen  Sept.  14.  young  and  females  during-  fall 
migration,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "June  25,  Mesa  del 
Agua  de  la  Yegua,  Bernal  Mts."  (Bailey,  F,)  ''Zuiii, 
Ft.  Thorne,  Apache."  (Ridway.— "Northeastern  New 
Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. )— One  specimen,  King- 
ston, June  27.  (Metcalfe. ) 

233.  piranga  rubra  cooperi.     Cooperas  Tanager. 

"Breeds  from  northwestern  New  Mexico  to  Mexico.  Type, 
Los  Pinos,  Dona  Ana  Co."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) — 
"Throughout  New  Mexico."  (Woodhouse.) — Common 
summer  resident  in  Mesilla  Valley,  specimens  May  and 
June.  (Ford.) 

234.  Progne  subis  subis-     Purple  Martin. 

"Rather  common  in  southern  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw. ) 
— "A  few  near  Glorieta  July-10."  (Bailey,  F.)— "Evi- 
dently a  common  summer  resident  in  Silver  City." 
(Hunn, ) — Reported  from  Mesilla  Valley,  Mangus  Springs 
and  flying  over  Mogollons,  10000  ft.  (Metcalfe.)— One 
specimen,  Mescalero,  July.  (Barber.) 

235.  Petrochelidon  lunifrons  lunifrons.     Cliff  Swallow. 

"A  few  seen  Sept.  30,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "Widespread 
species  in  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw. )— "Abundant,  oc- 
curs to  8000  ft.,  breeds,  San  Miguel  Co.,"  (Mitchell.) 
— "Seen  between  Pecos  and  Glorieta,  July  4."  (Bai- 
ley, F.)— "Common  in  Apr.  and  May,  Rowe  and  Pecos; 
many  nests  seen,  Albuquerque,  May  6  and  Apr.  14." 
( Birtwell, ) — "Common  throughout  New  Mexico. ' '  ( Wood- 
house. ) — "Common,  breeds,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.) — 
"Common  summer  resident,  arrives  in  Apr.,  Silver 
City."  (Hunn.) 

236.  Hirundo  erythrogaster    Barn  Swallow. 

•'Seen  a  few  times  in  apache  and  Deming*,  seen  nesting  in 
Deming.  and  flying  south  as  late  as  Oct.  1."  (Anthony.) 
— "Abundant  in  summer,  breeding  in  June,  Ft.  Bayard." 
(Wilson.) — "Numerous  at  Santa  Fe  and  from  there  to 
Ft.  Wingate. "  (Henshaw.) — "Common  summer  resi- 
dent, arrives  in  Apr.,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)— "Fre- 
quently seen  nesting  around  Mexican  adobes  in  June; 
were  seen  at  7200  7t.,  Aug.  24,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey, 
F.)— "A  few  seen  in  June,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.) — 
"Common  Apr.  and  May  at  Rowe  and  Pecos;  also  in 
Albuquerque  in  Sep.  and  May."  (Birtwell.)— "Com- 
mon in  Santa  Fe."  (McCall.)— "Abundant  at  Mangus 
Springs  in  summer."  (Metcalfe.) — Very  numerous  in 
summer  all  over  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.) 


ORNITHOLOGY  51 

237.  Iridoprocne  bicolor.     Tree  Swallow. 

"One  seen,  Albuquerque,  Sept.  16."     (Birtwell.) 

238.  Tachycineta  thalassina  lepida.     Northern  Violet-green 

Swallow. 

"Rare  during  migrations,  Apache.''  (Anthony.)— "Summer 
resident,  numerous  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe.  Abundant 
in  high  regions;  one  specimen,  Ft.  Nutria,  July  19." 
(Henshaw.)— "Abundant,  breeds  mostly  at  8000ft.,  San 
Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell. )— "Common  migrant  in  spring, 
Silver  City."  (Hunn.)— "From  Glorieta  to  11000  ft., 
breeding  to  10400  ft.,  Upper  Pecos,  July  and  Aug." 
(Bailey,  F.)  "Very  numerous  along  river,  in  Mts.  in 
July,  Shiprock. "  (Oilman. )— "Abundant  in  New  Mex- 
ico." (Woodhouse.) — "Seen  in  Albuquerque  in  May, 
commonly  observed;  seen  during  April  and  May  in  Pecos 
and  Willis;  specimens  from  Willis  in  July  and  from 
Upper  Pecos  in  July."  (Birtwell.) 

239.  Riparia  riparia.     Bank  Swallow. 

"One  seen  July  26,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "Common  in 
some  parts  of  New  Mexico."  (AVoodhouse.) — "Nesting 
at  Santa  Fe."  (McCall.) — "Commonly  observed  around 
Albuquerque,  noticed  particularly  .in  April,  May  and 
Sept."  (Birtwell.) 

240.  Stelgidopteryx  serripennis.     Rough-winged  Swallow. 

"A  few  seen  along  river  and  in  edge  of  pinons,  Shiprock." 
(Oilman.) 

241.  Bombycilla  cedrorum.     Cedar  Waxwing. 

"One  seen  May  27,  Shiprock. "  (Oilman.')—  "Northern  New 
Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

242.  Lanius  borealis.     Northern  Shrike. 

"Winters  south  to  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.)— 
One  specimen,  Jan.  5,  Albuquerque."  (Birtwell.) 

243.  Lanius     ludovicianus     excubitorides.       White-rumped 

Shrike. 

"Seen  only  as  a  migrant,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "One'seen 
in  summer  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe.  Seen  near  Albu- 
querque in'Dec."  (Henshaw.) — "Common  in  summer, 
Ft.  Bayard."  (Wilson.) — "Common  resident,  Silver 
City."  (Hunn.)— "One  on  nest,  June  20,  Rio  Concha; 
Sept.  1  Las  Vegas."  (Bailey,  F.)— "Seen  occasionally 
along  river,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.) — "Often  seen  around 
Albuquerque;  one  seen  March  26,  Galisteo."  (Birtwell.) 
— Permanent  resident,  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.) 

244.  Vireosylva  gilva  swainsoni.     Western  Warbling  Vireo. 

"Found  breeding  in  Pecos  Mts.  Glorieta  July  7,  breeding, 
seen  as  high  10300  ft.,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey,  F.)— 


52  NATURAL    RESOURCES   SURVEY 

"Numerous  as  summer  resident  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa 
Fe."  (Henshaw.)  — "Arrives  May  4,  Silver  City." 
(Hunn.) — "Seen  occasionally  and  heard  often  along* 
riverj  Shiprock."  (Oilman. )— One  specimen,  Upper 
Pecos,  July.  (Cog-hill.) — "Seen  in  Albuquerque,  Sept. 
10;  in  Willis,  May,  June  and  July.''  (Birtwell.)— One 
specimen,  Forks  of  Ruidoso,  Aug-.  (Barber.) — "South 
to  New  Mexico.''  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

245.  Lanivireo  solitarius  cassini.     Cassin's  Vireo. 

"Rather  common  during1  fall  migration,  Apache.''  (An- 
thony.)— "Numerous  in  fall  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe.'' 
(Henshaw.) — "Migrates  through  New  Mexico."  (A.  O. 
U.  Check  List. ) 

246.  Lanivireo  solitarius  plumbeus.     Plumbeus  Vireo. 

"Fall  migrant,  seen  as  late  as  as  Sept.  25,  Apache."  (An- 
thony.)—  "Rather  common  in  summer  in  Mts.  east  of 
Santa  Fe.  Numerous  in  New  Mexico,  one  specimen, 
Nutria,  July  19.*'  (Henshaw.) — "Common  in  Mts.  to 
9000  ft.,  San  Miguel  Co.*'  (Mitchell.)— "Found  near 
Glorieta  only."  (Bailey.  F. ) — "Seen  several  times 
along-  river  and  in  Mts.,  Shiprock.''  ( Oilman.)— One 
specimen,  Willis,  June.  (Birtwell.) 

247.  Vireo  huttoni  stephensi.     Stephen's  Vireo. 

"Fairly  common,  breeds  to  8000  ft.,  San  Mig-uel  Co."  (Mit- 
chell.)—"New  Mexico,  especially  in  Mt.  rang-es." 
(Coues.) 

248.  Vireo  belli  pusillus.     Least  Viero. 

"Common  on  Gila  River."     (Stephens.) 

249.  Vireo  vincinior.     Gray  Vireo. 

"Rare,  a  few  taken  during-  spring-  and  summer,  Apache." 
(Anthony.) — "Rare  along- Gila  in  scrub  oaks."  (Step- 
hens.)— "One  specimen,  Colorado  Chiquito,  July  8." 
(Henshaw.) — "Abundant  breeding-  in  June,  Montoya." 
(Bailey  F. ), 

250.  Vermivora  luciae.     Lucy's  Warbler. 

"One  specimen  along-  river,  May  19,  Shiprock."  (Oil- 
man.) 

251.  Vermivora  virginiae.     Virginia's  Warbler. 

"One  specimen,  Aug\  23,  Apache."  (Anthony  ) — "One  spe- 
cimen, Tierra  Amarilla,  Sept.  15."  (Henshaw.) — "One 
specimen  July  10,  near  Glorieta,  edg-e  of  Transition 
Zone."  (Bailey,  F. ) — "Common  as  migrant.  Apr.,  Sil- 
ver City."  (Hunn.) — One  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Sept. 
16.  (Birtwell. — One  specimen,  Mesilla,  Apr.  25.  (Ford.) 
— "Breeds  south  to  northeastern  New  Mexico.  Type 
specimen,  Ft.  Burg-wyn."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. ) 


ORNITHOLOGY  53 

252.  Vermivora  rubricapilla  gutturalis.   Calaveras  Warbler. 

"One  specimen,  College,  Oct.  9,  another  seen  Oct.  15  (  Merrill. ) 

253.  Vermivera  celata  celata.     Orange -Crowned  Warbler. 

"Rare  migrant,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "Common  during 
breeding  season,  more  so  in  fall  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa 
Pe.  One  specimen,  Lake  Piedra,  Sept.  11."  (Henshaw. ) 
—  "Common  migrant,  Apr.  and  May,  Silver  City." 
(Hunn.)— -"Taken  about  8000  ft.,  on  Pecos,  July  16." 
(Bailey,  F. )— One  specimen.  Oct.  7.  ( Birtwell. "-- 
"High  Mts.  on  New  Mexico."  (Ridgway.)— "South 
locally  in  Rocky  Mts.  to  New  Mexico,"  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List. ) 

254.  Vermivora  celata  lutescent.     Lutescent  Warbler. 

"Taken  at  8000  ft.,  Upper  Pecos,  Aug.  19."     (Bailey,  F.) 

255.  Peucedramus  olivaceus.     Olive  Warbler. 

"One  seen,  Willis,  May  15."  (Birtwell.)— "Mts.  of  south- 
ern New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

256.  Dendroica  aestiva  aestiva    Yellow  Warbler- 

"Seen  in  fall,  females  only,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — ,, Com- 
mon in  New  Mexico.  Very  scarce  in  summer  in  Mts. 
east  of  Santa  Pe."  (Henshaw. )— "Fairly  common  in 
summer  in  settlements,  not  in  Mts.,  San  Miguel  Co." 
(Mitchell.)— "Very  common,  breeds,  Shiprock."  (Gil-) 
man.)— One  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Oct.  5.  (Birtwell. 
—"South  to  northern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List. 

257.  Dendroica  aestiva  sonorana.     Sonora  Yellow  Warbler. 

"Common  after  Apr.  30,  Silver  City:"  (Hunn.)— "Los 
Pinos."  (Ridgway.) — "Breeds,  Lower  Austral  Zone  on 
New  Mexico,"  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

258.  Dendroica    caerulescens    caerulescens.     Black-throated 

Blue  Warbler. 

"One  specimen,  Gallinas  Mts.,  Rio  Arriba  Co.,  Oct.  8." 
(Bailey.  P.) 

259.  Dendroica  auduboni  auduboni.     Audubon's  Warbler. 

"Common  migrant,  Apache  and  Hachita  regions."  (An- 
thony.)—"Abundant  in  summer,  breeds,  Mts.  east  of 
Santa  Fe.  Two  specimens,  Gila  River,  Oct.  11."  (Hen- 
shaw.)— "Abundant  migrant,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) — 
"At  7000  to  11000  ft.  Aug.  11,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey, 
F.)— "Numerous  in  May,  Mts.  in  July,  Shiprock." 
(Gilman.)— Two  specimens.  Upper  Pecos,  July.  (Cog- 
hill.)— "Seen  during  April  and  May,  Willis  and  Pecos; 
trees  swarming  Sept.  10,  mostly  gone  by  Oct.  14,  Albu- 
querque."  (Birtwell.) — "Common  at  foot  of  JemezMts., 
Aug.  2."  (Henderson.)  "Rio  de  las  Casas."  (Atkins.) 


54  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

— '  'Abundant  throughout  New  Mexico, ' '  ( Woodhouse. ) 
"A  few  in  Mesilla  Valley  all  the  year,  numerous  in 
spring1  and  fall.  (Ford.) 

260.  Dendroica  cerulea.     Cerulean  Warbler. 

"Rio  Mimbres.''  (Henry.) — "Straggles  to  New  Mexico." 
(A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

261.  Dendroica  striata.     Black-poll  Warkler. 

"Casual  in  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

262.  Dendroica  graciae.     Grace's  Warbler. 

"Fall  migrant,  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe.  One  specimen.  In- 
scription Rock,  July  24."  (Henshaw.) — "Rare,  found 
nest  June  12,  8500  ft.,  San  Miguel  Co/'  (Mitchell.)  "One 
seen,  Albuquerque,  Oct.  7."  (Birtwell.)— -"Mts.  of  New 
Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

263.  Dendroica  nigrescens.     Black-throated   Gray  Warbler. 

"One  seen  in  spring,  not  uncommon  in  fall,  Apache." 
(Anthony.) — "One  specimen,  Santa  Fe,  Aug.  16.  " 
(Henshaw.) — "Common  migrant.  April  and  May,  Silver 
City."  (Hunn. )— "One  specimen,  three  miles  south  of 
Pecos,  July  3.''  (Bailey,  F.)  "Fairly  common  among 
pines  and  oaks  in  Mts.,  breed  in  Mts.  and  on  river, 
Shiprock."  (Oilman.) — '  Northern  New  Mexico."  (A. 
O.  U.  Check  List.) — One  specimen,  Kingston,  Aug.  23. 
(Metcalfe) 

264.  Dendroica  townsendi.     Townsend's  Warbler. 

"Specimens  taken  Apr.  23  and  Ang.  2,  Apache  and  Hachita, 
Sept.  28."  (Anthony.)— "Common  tail  migrant  in  Mts. 
east  of  Santa  Fe. "  (Henshaw.) — "One  specimen,  Ft. 
Bayard,  May."  (Stephens.) 

265.  Seiurus    noveboracensis.    notabilis.      GrinneH's  Water- 

Thrush. 

"Two  specimens,  Coleman  Ranch,  Silver  City,  May  6." 
(Hunn.)— "One  specimen  along  river.  Shiprock. "  (Gil- 
man.) 

266.  Oporonis  tolmiei.     Macgillivray's  Warbler. 

"Very  abundant,  especially  from  Aug.  3  to  Octl2,  Apache." 
(Anthony.) — "Seen  at  many  different  points  in  New 
Mexico.  Common  fall  migrant,  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe." 
(Henshaw.)— "Taken  in  Pecos  Mts.,  8000  ft.,  July  15." 
(Bailey,  F.)  — "Numerous  in  May  along  river,  seen  in 
Chusca  Mts.  in  July,  Shiprock."  (Gilman.)  — "South 
to  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. )— One  speci- 
men, Mesilla,  Apr.  27.  (Ford.) 

267.  Geothlypis  trichas  occidentalis.  Western  Yellow- throat. 

"Two    specimens,    Apr.    30  and  May    31,  Little  Hachita." 
(Anthony.) — "Common  migrant,  Apr.  and    May,  Silver 


ORNITHOLOGY  55 

City."  (Hunn.) — "Common  all  through  May,  Ship- 
rock.''  ( Oilman.) — "Commonly  seen,  one  specimen, 
Sept.  10,  Albuquerque.''  (Birtwell.) 

268.  Icteria  virens  longicauda.     Long-tailed  Chat. 

"One  seen  Sept.  15,  near  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "Met  in 
many  different  localities  in  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw.) 
"Seen  June  30  and  July  2,  Pecos,  from  La  Cuestra  to 
Riberia."  (Bailey,  P.) — "Abundant  in  some  parts  of 
New  Mexico."  (Woodhouse.) — "Several  pairs  seen 
along*  river,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.) 

269.  Wilsonia  pusilla  pusilla.     Wilson's  Warbler. 

"Very  abundant  as  a  migrant,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — 
"Numerous  as  a  fall  migrant  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Pe." 
(Henshaw.) — "Flock  seen  Sep.  13,  Albuquerque."  (Birt- 
well.)— A  few  in  winter  in  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford.) 

270.  Wilsonia  pusilla  pileolata-     Pileolated  Warbler. 

"Abundant  migrant  in  Apr.  and  May,  SilverCity."  (Hunn.) 
—"Breeding-  July  23  11000  ft.,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey, 
P.) — "Seen  frequently  in  May,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.) — 
"South  to  Mts.  of  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 
— "One  specimen,  Kingston,  Aug.  24."  (Metcalfe.) — 
One  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Sep.  15.  (Birtwell.). 

271.  Setophagas  ruticilla.     Redstart. 

"A  pair  seen  May  27,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.)— One  specimen, 
Kingston,  Aug.  24.  (Metcalfe.) 

272.  Setophaga  picta.     Painted  Redstart. 

"One  specimen,  Aug.  31,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "One 
specimen,  Ft.  Union."  (Henshaw.)— Mts.  of  southern 
New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

273.  Cardellina  rubrifrons.     Red-faced  Warbler. 

"One  specimen,  young,  Ft.  Bayard,  July  16."  (Brewster. ) 
— "Mts.  of  southwestern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List. ) 

274.  Anthus  rubescens.     Pipit. 

"A  few  seen  in  Oct.  on  plains  near  Apache."  (Anthony.) 
— "The  one  Alpine  bird,  Trucas  13250  ft.,  breeding, 
Upper  Pecos,  July."  (Bailey,  F. ) — "Seen  during  spring 
migration,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.) —Specimens  Oct.  9 
and  Dec.  28,  Albuquerque."  (Birtwell.)— "High  Mts. 
south  to  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.)— Two 
specimens,  Mesilla  Park.  (Ford.) 

275.  Cinclus  mexicanus  unicolor.     Dipper. 

"Numerous  summer  resident  along  Upper  Pecos.  Two 
specimens,  Diamond  Creek,  Nov.  11."  (Henshaw. )— "At 
least  30  seen  in  Dec.,  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs."  (Bat- 
chelder.) — "Abundant,  breeds  8000  ft.  and  up,  San 


56  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)  "Prom  7200  to  8000  ft.,  July 
and  Aug.,  Upper  Pecos.''  (Bailey,  F. )— "Fairly  com- 
mon, one  specimen,  Upper  Pecos.  Aug.:  seen  March  and 
April,  Willis  and  Pecos,  common.''  (  Birtwell. )  — "Found 
twelve  miles  west  of  Santa  Fe."  (Henderson.) — Found 
in  Mogollon  and  Organ  Mts.  (Ford. )—" South  to 
southern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. ) 

2/6.     Oreoscoptes  montanus.     Sage  Thrasher. 

"Abundant  from  February  28  to  March  31,  then  after  Sept. 
1,  Apache."  (Anthony.)  "Navajo  Creek,  Sept.  11;  Ft. 
Wingate,  July  14."  (Henshaw. )— "Rather  common 
migrant,  a  few  in  winter,  Silver  City."  (Hunn. )— "Two 
seen  Aug.  27  near  Ribera.  (  Bailey,  F. ) —"Three  seen 
on  plains,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.) — "One  specimen  Sep. 
10,  flocks  seen  Sept.  20,  Albuquerque."  (Birtwell.) — 
"Zuiii  Mts."  ( Woodhouse. )— "South  to  northern  New 
Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.)— One  specimen,  Me- 
silla  Park,  Jan.  19.  (Ford.) 

2  ;,7.  Mimus polyglottos  leucoptera.  Western  Mocking-bird. 
"Lower  Sonoran  Zone,  south  central  part  of  San  Miguel 
Co.,  nest  June  26,  along  Concha."  (Bailey,  F.) — 
"Common  summer  resident,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) — 
"Southwest  New  Mexico,  along  Gila."  (Stephens.) — 
"Numerous  near  river,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.) — "Re- 
ported at  Santa  Fe. "  (Henderson.) — Seen  in  Mogollon 
Mts.,  as  high  as  10000  ft.;  common  around  Mangus 
Spring  in  Summer."  (Metcalfe.) — Very  common  in 
Mesilla  Valley  in  summer,  a  few  all  the  year.  (Ford.) 

278.  Dumetella  carolinensis.     Catbird. 

"Two  specimens,  Rinconada,  June  4:  common  on  Pueblo 
Creek  in  July."  (Bailey,  F.) — "One  seen  in  May,  Ship- 
rock."  (Oilman.) — "South  to  northeastern  New  Mex- 
ico." (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

279.  Toxostoma  curvirostre  curvirostre.  Curve  billed Trasher. 

"Abundant  in  summer,  breeds,  Ft.  Bayard."  (Wilson.) — 
"Abundant  summer  resident,  a  few  in  winter,  Silver 
City."  (Hunn. )—"  South  central  New  Mexico."  (A. 
O.  U.  Check  List. ) 

280.  Toxostoma  curvirostre  palmeri    Palmer's  Thrasher. 

"Several  pairs  seen  during  spring  migration,  Apache;  seen 
in  Oct.  and  Nov.,  Hachita."  (Anthqny.) 

281.  Toxostoma  crissale-     Crissal  Trasher. 

"Several  pairs  seen  during  spring  migration,  Apache;  seen 
in  Oct.  and  Nov.,  Hachita.  Common  throughout  sea- 
son, Deming."  (Anthony.)  "On  Gila  River,  not  com- 
mon." (Stephens.) — "Rare  in  summer,  more  in  fall, 
Ft.  Bayard."  (  Wilson. )— "Type  Ft,  Thome,  New  Mex- 


ORNITHOLOGY  57 

ico."     (A.    O.    U.    Check   List. )— Common    summer  re- 
sident, a  few  all  the  year,  Mesilla  Valley.     (Ford.) 

282.  Heleodytes  brunneicapillus.     Cactus  Wren. 

"Common  throughout  Apache  and  Hachita  regions,  nests  in 
Yuccas  and  Mesquites."  (Authony.) — "Very  abundant 
in  southwestern  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw.) — "Common 
resident,  less  so  in  winter,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) — 
"Southern  NewNexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.)— One 
of  the  most  common  summer  birds  in  Mesilla  Valley. 
(Ford.) 

283.  Salpinctes  obsoletus  obsoletus.     Rock  Wren. 

"Abundant  in  Apache  and  Hachita  Mt.  ranges  and  to  a 
large  extent  resident."  (Anthony.)— "Two  specimens, 
Dec.  22,  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs."  (Batchelder..) — 
"Common,  especially  in  southern  part;  one  specimen, 
Santa  Fe,  June  17;  one  specimen,  Tierra  Amarilla,  Sept. 
15."  (Henshaw. )— "Common,  breeds  from  8000  ft.  down, 
San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— "Resident,  Silver  City." 
(Hunn.) — "Common  in  low  parts,  breeding,  but  few  in 
high  Mts."  (Bailey,  F.)  --"Found  everywhere,  Ship- 
rock."  (Gilman.) — "One  taken  at  the  north  of  El  Rito 
Canyon."  (Henderson. )— One  specimen,  Organ  Mts. 
April  19,  common  there  in  summer;  one  specimen,  Mesilla, 
April.  (Ford.) 

284.  Catherpes  mexicanm  conspersus.     Canon  Wren. 

"A  few  seen  on  Hachita  ranges  in  October  and  November." 
(Anthony.)  — "Seen  occasionally  in  Dec.,  Las  Vegas  Hot 
Springs."  (Batchelder.)  —  "One  specimen  in  Mts.,  near 
Gila  River,  Nov.  5."  (Henshaw. )  — "Fairly  common, 
breeds  to  8000  ft.,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— "A 
few  in  winter,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)  —  "Found  through- 
out New  Mexico."  (Coues.)— "One  specimen,  Socorro, 
Jan.  12.  (Birtwell.)  Two  specimens,  Kingston,  Aug.  9. 
(Metcalfe.)— Seen  on  lava  flow,  near  Mesquite  station, 
March  15.  (Ford.) 

285.  Thryomanes  bewicki  bairdi.     Baird's  Wren. 

"Common  in  Apache  and  Hachita  during  migration." 
(Anthony.) — "One  specimen  Big  Hatchet  Mts.,  Grant 
Co.,  May  9."  (Allen.) — "Common,  usually  breeds 
below  8000ft.,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— "Specimens 
January  and  May,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)— "Noted 
February  and  March  and  in  July,  Shiprock."  (Gilman.) 
—One  specimen,  Albuquerque,  May  6.  (Birtwell.) — One 
specimen,  Kingston,  Aug.  6.  (Metcalfe.) 
236.  Troglodytes  aedon  parkmani  Western  House  Wren. 

"Rare  but  seen  during  both  migrations,  Apache."  (An- 
thony.)—"  Abundant  to  10000  ft.,  two  broods,  San  Mi- 


58  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

guel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— "Arrives  in  April,  common 
then,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)— "July  10,  nest,  Glorieta: 
seen  July  14,  8000  ft.,  seen  Aug.  9,  11600  ft.,  Upper 
Pecos."  (Bailey,  F.)— "Several  found  among-  pines, 
Shiprock."  (Oilman.) — "Seen  often  in  Apr.  and  May, 
Pecos  and  Willis;  one  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Apr.  6." 
(Birtwell.)— "Common  in  canyons  and  on  mesas  near 
Santa  Fe."  (Henderson.) — One  specimen,  Sawyer's 
Peak,  above  King-ston,  Aug.  11.  (Metcalfe.) 

287.  Nannus  hyemalis  pacificus    Western  Winter  Wren. 

"South  to  southern  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. 

288.  Telmatodytes  palustris  paludicola.     Tule  Wern. 

"Rather   common,  one    specimen,  Lake   Piedra.   Sept.    13." 
(Henshaw.) 

289.  Telmatodytes  palustris  plesius.     Western  Marsh  Wren. 

"Breeds  to  New  Mexico.  Type  specimen,  Ft.  Wing-ate." 
(A.  O.  U.  Check  List. )— "Dozens  seen  Apr.  14,  one  spe- 
cimen, Apr.  6,  Albuquerque."  (Birtwell.) 

290.  Certhia  familiar 'is  montana.  Rocky  Mountain  Creeper. 

"Seen  occasionally  m  Dec.,  Las  Veg-as  Hot  Spring's." 
( Batchelder. ) — "Fairly  common  to  10000  ft.,  breeds,  San 
Mig-uel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— "Casually  met  in  Pinos  Altos 
country."  (Hunn.)  — "Young-  were  seen  11600  ft.,  Aug. 
14  and  16,  Upper  Pecos."  (Baily,  F. )— '2Near  top  of 
Chusca  Mts.,  young-  seen  in  July,  Navajo  Reservation." 
(Oilman.) — "Generally  distributed  in  New  Mexico." 
(Woodhouse.)— "South  in  Mts.  to  New  Mexico."  (A. 
O.  U.  Check  List.) — "Two  seen,  one  specimen,  Willis, 
Mch.  28."  (Birtwell.) -One  specimen,  Sawyer's  Peak 
above  Kingston,  Aug.  11.  (Metcalfe.)— Two  specimens  in 
river  near  Mesilla,  Mar.  3.  (Ford.) 

291.  Sitta  carolinensis  aculeata,     Slender-billed  Nuthatch. 

"Abundant  summer  resident  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe." 
(Henshaw.)— "Seen  at  8000  ft.  in  New  Mexico."  (Brew.) 
"A  few  seen  in  Dec.,  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs."  (Batch- 
elder.  )— "Abundant,  breeds  from  7000  to  8000  ft.,  San 
Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.) — Abundant  from  Pinos  Altos 
north."  (Hunn.) — "Numerous  in  Mts.  in  July,  one  in 
valley,  June  29,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.) — Rio  de  laCasas, 
July  27-8."  (Atkins.)— "A  few  seen  in  Willis,  April  18; 
two  seen  on  mesas  near  Albuquerque  Dec.  21."  (Birt- 
well.)— "Two  specimens,  Org'an  Mts.,  April  19,  always 
to  be  seen  there  in  summer.  (Ford.) 

292.  Sitta  carolineusis  nelsoni.     Rocky  Mountain  Nuthatch. 

"Taken  at  Glorieta,  also  on  plains."  (Bailey,  F.)— "Com- 
mon on  mesas  and  in  Mts.  near  Santa  Fe."  (Henderson.) 
— "Usually  saw  one  or  two  specimens  among  the  pygmies 


ORNITHOLOGY  59 

around  Las  Vegas  Hot  Spring's."  (Batchelder.) — "Seen 
in  Gilmore  Canyon,  Organ  Mts.,  April  19.  Two  speci- 
mens, Kingston,  Aug.  7."  (Metcalfe.) 

293.  Sitta  canadensis.     Red -breasted  Nuthatch. 

"One  seen  near  river,  May  11,  Shiprock." — (Oilman.) — 
"South  in  Mts.  to  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

294.  Sitta  pyrmaea.     Pygmy  Nuthatch. 

"Extremely  abundant  in  summer  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe." 
(Henshaw. ) — "Common  in  December,  Las  Vegas  Hot 
Springs."  (Batchelder.) — "Abundant  resident,  breeds 
to  9000  ft.,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— "Abundant 
at  Pinos  Altos."  (Hunn. ) — "During  July  and  August 
throughout  Transition  Zone,  7400  to  9800  ft.,  Upper 
Pecos."  (Bailey,  F.)— "Numerous .  in  Mts.',  Navajo 
Reservation."  (Oilman.)  "Two  specimens,  Upper 
Pecos,  8000  ft.,  July."  (Coghill.)— "Flocks  seen  Feb. 
20,  Tijeras;  seen  often  in  March,  April  and  May, 
breeds,  Willis."  (Birtwell.)  "Abundant  in  canyons, 
on  mesas  and  in  Mts.  near  Santa  Fe."  (Henderson.) — 
"Eastern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Chech  List.) — 
"Three  specimens,  Kingston,  Oct.  27,  one  specimen, 
10000  ft.,  Aug.  11.  Numerous."  (Metcalfe.) 

295.  Baeolophus  inornatus  griseus.     Gray  Titmouse. 

"Fairly  common  in  summer,  Ft.  Bayard."  (Wilson.) — 
"Resident  in  New  Mexico."  (Henshaw.) — "Common 
resident,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) — "Found  in  Glorieta 
region,  common  in  juniper  and  pinon  pines,  Upper 
Sonoran  Zone."  (Bailey,  F.  )--"Very  numerous  in 
pinons  and  junipers,  breeds  in  Mts.,  Navajo  Reserva- 
tion." (Oilman.) — "Two  specimens,  San  Pedro,  March 
24;  rather  common  ^in  Tijeras  in  Jan.,  Dec.  and  March: 
five  or  six  seen  near  Albuquerque,  Sept.  20,  also  seen 
Nov.  29."  (Birtwell.) — "Very  common  in  junipers  and 
cedars  on  mesas  near  Santa  Fe."  (Henderson.) — 
"Southwestern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) — 
Two  specimens,  Kingston,  Nov.  12."  (Metcalfe.) 

296.  Baeolophus  wollweberi.     Bridled  Titmouse. 

"Generally  distributed  in  southern  New  Mexico."  (Hen- 
shaw.)— "Rare  north  of  Pinos  Altos."  (Hunn.) — 
"Mountains  of  Southern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U. 
Check  List. ) 

297.  Penthestes    atricapillus    septentrionalis.      Long-tailed 

Chickadee. 

"Numerous  summer  resident  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe." 
(Henshaw. )  — "Found  in  Pecos  Mts.;  family  of  9,  Aug. 
17,  SOOOtft.,  one  10500  ft.,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey,  F.) 


60  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

—"Two  seen  Apr.   27,    Pecos."     (Birtwell.)— "South   to 
northern  Naw  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

298.  Penthestes  gambeli  gambeli.     Mountain  Chickadee. 

"Numerous  summer  resident  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe." 
(Henshaw.) — "Several  frequently  seen,  Las  Vegas  Hot 
Spring-s,  Dec."  ( Batchelder. ) — "Common,  breeds  May 
and  June,  9000  ft.  and  up,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.) 
— "Abundant  at  Pinos  Altos,  casual  at  Coleman  Ranch, 
near  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)— "Common  at  Glorieta, 
also  in  Canadian  and  Hudsonian  Zones,  Upper  Pecos." 
( Bailey,  F. ) — "Common  in  Mts.,  a  few  on  river  in  spring-, 
Navajo  Reservation."  (Oilman.) — "Very  abundant  in 
canyons,  on  mesas  and  in  Mts.  near  Santa  Fe."(  Hen- 
derson.)— "One  specimen,  Rio  de  la  Casa,  July  23;  one 
specimen,  Sepello  River,  July  22."  (Atkins.) — "Mts. 
of  New  Mexico.  Type  specimen  about  one  day's  journey 
west  of  Santa  Fe."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.)— "A  few 
seen  near  Albuquerque,  Oct.  14;  a  few  seen  Mch  19,  Ti- 
jeras;  plentiful  in  Willis  in  May."  (Birtwell.) 

299.  Psaltriparus  plumbeus.     Lead-colored  Bushtit. 

"Common,  flock  in  pines  and  firs,  Ft.  Bayard."  (Wilson.) 
— "One  specimen,  Ft.  Wing-ate,  July  16;  two  specimens, 
July  20."  (Henshaw.) — "Abundant  around  Silver  City 
in  fall,  winter  and  spring-."  (Hunn.) — "Glorieta  foot- 
hill Pecos  canyon,  fairly  common  in  junipers,  6500  ft. 
Mesa  del  Ag-ua  de  la  Yeg-ua."  (Bailey,  F. ) — "Two  in 
Feb.  on  river;  numerous,  breeding-  in  Mts.  Navajo  Re- 
servation." (Oilman. )— One  specimen,  Tijeras,  Mch.  16, 
one  specimen,  Albuquerque,  Dec.  2."  (Birtwell.) — Two 
specimens,  Kingston,  July  9.  (Metcalfe.  . 

300.  Psaltriparus  melanotis  lloydi.     Lloyd's  Bushtit. 

"Mountains  of  Southern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check 
List.) 

301.  Auriparus  flaviceps  flaviceps.     Verdin. 

"Well  distributed  throughout  region  but  not  common, 
Apache."  (Anthony.) — "A  few  found  in  winter  along 
Gila  River;  June  2,  nest  with  four  birds;  June  16,  nest 
with  three  eggs."  (Stephens.) — "Southeastern  New  Mex- 
ico." (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. )—  Common  in  summer  in 
Ivlesilla  Valley  but  not  numerous,  the  large  nest  is  usually 
found  in  Mesquite  bushes.  (Ford.) 

302.  Regulus  satrapa  satrapa.     Golden-crowned  Kinglet. 

"Young  taken  July  31,  Pecos  Baldy."  (Bailey,  F.)— "Com- 
mon in  New  Mexico."  (  Woodhouse. ) — "South  to  north- 
ern New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List. ) 

303.  Regulus  calendula  calendula;    Ruby-crowned   Kinglet. 

"Rather  abundant  in  apache  Mts.  during  migration."     (An- 


ORNITHOLOGY  61 

thony:) — "Nested  in  high  Mts.,  abundant  in  fall,  east  of 
Santa  Fe."  (Henshaw. )—"  Abundant  migrant,  seen  also 
in  winter,  Silver  City."  (Hunn. )  — "July  21,11000ft., 
breeding-,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey,  P.) — "Common  spring- 
migrant,  Shiprock."  (Oilman. ) — "Las  Vegas  Hot  Spring's; 
Dec.  18."  (Batchelder.) — "Very  abundant  in  New  Mex- 
ico." (Woodhouse.) — "South  in  Mts.  to  central  New 
Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.)  —  "Two  specimens, 
Kingston.  Oct.  24,  just  same,  plentiful."  (Metcalfe.)— 
"Seen  in  Apr.  in  Willis,  in  Albuquerque,  Oct.  7." 
(Birtwell.) — Rather  a  common  winter  resident  in  Me- 
silla,  a  few  in  summer.  (Ford.) 

304.  Polioptila  caerulea  obscura.     Western  Gnatcatcher. 

"First  seen  Apr.  1,  many  throughout  season,  several  broods 
noted,  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "One  specimen  Agua 
Azul,  July  2,  generally  distributed."  (Henshaw.) — 
"Casual,  Coleman's  Ranch,  near  Silver  City,  April 
and  May."  (Hunn.)-— "Several  pairs,  one  nest,  June 
16,  also  July  28,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.)— "Seen  in 
Kingston  in  summer,  one  specimen."  ( Metcalfe. )--- 
Rather  a  common  resident  in  the  Organ  Mts.  (Ford.) 

305.  Polioptila  plumbea.     Plumbeous  Gnatcatcher. 

"A  pair  seen,  male  secured,  April  4.  Apache."  (Anthony.) 
—"West  cen.ral  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

306.  Myadestes  townsendi.     Townsend's  Solitaire. 

"Seen  at  Hachita  on  one  or  two  occasions  in  October  and 
November,  on  plains  near  Apache,  April  3."  (Anthony.) 
— "Numerous  summer  resident,  breeds,  Mts.  east  of 
Santa  Fe. "  Common  in  western  New  Mexico,  one 
specimen  Ft.  Wingate,  July  8,  three  specimens,  Silver 
City,  Oct.  24."  ( Henshaw J— "Several  seen  Ft.  Marcy, 
March  25."  (Coale.) — "Seen  and  heard  several  times  in 
Dec.,  Las  Veg-as  Hot  Springs."  (Batchelder.) — "Rare, 
found  nest  10000  ft.,  June  7,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.) 
"Rather  rare  in  Pinos  Altos  country."  )Hunn.) — "Pair 
July  15,  8000  ft.,  one  specimen  July  28,  11000  ft.,  nest 
12000ft.,  Upper  Pecos."  (Bailey,  F.)— "Several  pairs  in 
Mts.  in  July,  Shiprock."  (Oilman.) — "Common  in 
canyons  five  miles  south  of  El  Rito."  (Henderson.)  — 
"Through  Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico."  A.  O.  U. 
Check  List.) — "Common  in  Willis  in  March;  common 
ai  ound  Albuquerque;  specimens  from  Tijeras  in  February 
and  March."  (Birtwell.)— One  specimen,  8000  ft.,  July, 
Upper  Pecos.  (Coghill.)-  One  specimen,  Kingston,  Oct. 
26.  (Metcalfe.) 

307.  Hylocichla  fuscescens  salicicola.     Willow  Thrush. 

"One  pair  raised  a  brood  at  El  El  Rito    in  1910."     (Hender- 


62  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

son.)---' 'Northern  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 
—One  specimen,  Upper  Pecos.     (Cog-hill. ) 

308.  Hylocichla  ustulata  swainsoni.    Olive-backed  Thrush. 

"First  seen  Sept.  13,  numerous  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe." 
(HenshawJ 

309.  Hylocichla  guttata  guttata.     Alaska  Hermit  Thrush. 

"A  few  during  migrations.  Apache."  [Anthony.]— "Common 
throughout  New  Mexico."  [Woodhouse.]  -  "One  speci- 
men, Oct,  12,  fall  only,  rare,  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe." 
[Benshaw.]  —  "In  migration  east  to  New  Mexico."  [A. 
O.  U.  Check  List,] 

310.  Hylocichla  guttata  auduboni.  Audubon'sHermitThrush. 

"A  few  during  migrations.  Apache."  (Anthony.) — "Nu- 
merous summer  resident,  breeds.  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe." 
(Henshaw.)— "Arrives  about  May  6,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.) 
— "Abundant,  breeding  July  and  Aug.,  Upper  Pecos." 
(Bailey,  F.)— "High  Mts.  July,  evidently  breeding, 
Shiprock."— (Gil man.)— "South  to  New  Mexico."  (A. 
O.  U.  Check  List. )— One  specimen,  Upper  Pecos,  July 
20."  (Coghill.)— One  specimen.  Willis,  June  3,  (Birt- 
well.) 

311.  Hylocichla  guttata  nanus.     Dwarf  Hermit  Thrush. 

"Along  Gila  to  its  sources  as  late  as  Nov.  8."  (Henshaw.) 
—  "One  specimen,  Shiprock,  May  12."  (Oilman. )—"  Win- 
ters south  to  New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.) 

312.  Planesticus  migratorious  propinquus.     Western  Robin. 

"A  few  the  first  of  Apr.,  again  Aug.  7,  Apache.  Rare  at 
Hachita  in  Oct."  (  Anthony. )  --"Common  in  fall  in  Mts. 
east  of  Santa  Fe.  Rather  common,  27  specimens,  Ft. 
Wingate,  July  12. "(Henshaw.)— "Winters  abundantly 
in  southern  New  Mexico,  along  river  basin,  a  few  in  Mts. 
in  summer."  (Stephens.)— "Common,  arrives  in  Feb., 
common  to  10000  ft.,  breeds  Apr.  May  and  June,  San 
Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— "Common  migrant  in  Silver 
City,  in  Apr.:  breeds  in  Mts.,  Pinos  Altos."  (Hunn.  )— 
"From  Pecos  to  Pecos  Baldy,  8000ft.,  July,  breeding, 
nest  11000  ft."  (Bailey,  F.)— "One  Mch.  10,  several 
young, -Mts.,  July,  also  along  river,  Shiprock."  (Oil- 
man.)-—"Common  and  breeding,  Mogollon  Mts.  and 
Mangus  Springs."  (  Metcalfe.)-  — "Common  in  canyons 
and  Mts."  (Henderson.)— "A  few  near  Albuquerque, 
Sept.  and  Oct.;  three  specimens  in  Jan.,  Tijeras,  seen  in 
Mch.;  one  specimen,  Willis.  Apr.,  common."  (Birt- 
well.)— One  specimen,  Forks  of  Ruidoso,  Aug.  (Barber.) 
One  specimen,  Kingston,  young,  July  10.  (Metcalfe.)— 
Seen  occasionally  in  autumn  and  winter.  Mesilla  Valley, 
two  specimens.  (Ford. ) 


ORNITHOLOGY  63 

313.  Sialia  mexicana  bairdi.     Chestnut-backed  Bluebird. 

"Abundant  during-  migrations.  Apache."  (Anthony.) — 
Numerous  summer  resident  in  Mts.  east  of  Santa  Fe. 
Two  specimens,  Inscription  Rock,  July  23;  two  speci- 
mens, Gila  River,  Oct.  28."  (Henshaw.)  — "Abundant 
in  winter  on  Gila  River,  a  few  in  high  Mts.  all  summer." 
(Stephens.)  — "Fairly  common  to  12000  ft.,  breeds  10000 
ft.,  San  Miguel  Co."  (Mitchell.)— "Common  migrant 
and  winter  resident,  Silver  City."  (Hunn.)  — "July  10, 
nest  Glorieta.  Seen  as  nigh  as  10400  ft."  (Bailey,  F.) 
— "A  few  in  March  on  river,  several  in  Mts.,  Shiprock." 
(Gilman.)  — "Abundant  on  mesas  but  not  in  canyons, 
near  Santa  Fe."  (Henderson.) — "Flocks  seen  Jan.  22 
and  in  March,  Tijerhas;  seen  Oct.  4  and  Dec.  4,  Albu- 
querque: common,  two  specimens,  Upper  Pecos,  July: 
breeding  in  Willis  in  March. "  (Birtwell.)  Two  speci- 
men, MesilJa  Park,  Jan.:  two  specimens,  Kingston,  Oct. 
27,  breeds."  (Metcalfe.)—  Common  in  winter  in  Mesilla 
Valley.  (Ford.) 

314.  Sialia  currucoides.     Mountain  Bluebird. 

"Abundant  during  migrations,  Apache."  (Anthony.)  — 
"Scare  in  winter,  Gila  River,  low  valleys."  [Stephens.] 

—  "One    specimen,  Las    Vegas    Hot    Springs,  Dec.    22." 
(Batchelder.)---"Two  specimens,     Salt  Lake,    Nov.    19. 
four    specimens,  Santa  Fe,  June    17-20. "     (Henshaw.  )— 
"Ft.    Union,    March    22."     tCoale.  )— Common,  arrives 
in  Feb.,  breeds  to  9000  ft.,  San  Miguel  Co."     (  Mitchell. ) 

—  "Common   resident.    Silver    City."     (Hunn.  ^--"Com- 
mon,   Glorieta,  July  8,  nest   10300    ft.  T  July    25,    family 
11000ft."     (Bailey,  F.)  — "Six  seen  in  piiions,  not  high, 
Shiprock."     (Gilman. ):- "Common    about    Santa    Fe." 
(Woodhouse.)-  — "Common     and     breeding,     Mogollon 
Mts."     (Metcalfe.)  — "Seen  in  Albuquerque,  March,  Oct. 
and  Dec.  and  Feb.;  flocks    seen    in   Tijerhas    in    March; 
seen   during    April    and  May,  Pecos    and    Willis;  flocks 

seen  Dec.  23,  Lamy."  (Birtwell.)— "South  to  Mts.  of 
New  Mexico."  (A.  O.  U.  Check  List.)— Common  winter 
resident  all  over  the  Mesilla  Valley.  (Ford. ) 


DIVISION   OF   MINERALOGY 


REPORT    OF    PROGRESS 

The  work  of  this  division  naturally  divides  itself  into  two 
distinct  branches  as  follows: 

1.  The  compilation  of  statistics  which  will  show  the  total 
and  annual  production  of  all  mineral  resources  of  the  state 
and  their  value. 

2.  A  study  of  the  ore  deposits  in  the  various   mining  dis- 
tricts of  the  state  and  the  development  of  the  mineral  re- 
sources   of    areas  hitherto  undeveloped  or  altogether  un- 
known. 

The  compilation  of  statistics  has  already  begun  though  at 
present  not  sufficient  to  deem  it  advisable  to  publish.  I 
may  say  that  it  is  gratifying  indeed  to  note  the  interest  and 
assistance  rendered  in  this  matter  by  mine  operators  and 
superintendents. 

The  field  work  and  data  on  the  deposits  of  lead  and  zinc 
are  progressing  favorably,  most  of  the  work  at  present  being 
confined  to  the  Magdalena  district.  It  is  hoped  that  detail 
data  upon  this  district  will  be  ready  for  publication  by  the 
time  of  the  next  report  as  well  as  a  general  report  upon  the 
lead  and  zinc  of  the  state. 

The  work  on  the  coal  resource  of  the  state  is  to  be  begun 
in  the  immediate  future,  to  be  followed  by  copper,  iron,  gold 
and  silver,  etc.,  as  rapidly  as  time  will  permit. 

Professor  G.  E.  ANDERSON, 
Chief  of  Division  of  Minerology. 

Socorro,  New  Mexico. 


A     CONTRIBUTION     TO     THE     STUDY     OF     THE 
ECOLOGICAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  ANIMAL 
LIFE  OF  NORTH  CENTRAL  NEW  MEX- 
ICO WITH  ESPECIAL  ATTENTION 
TO  THE  INSECTS. 


The  animal  life  of  this  region  is  very  interesting  as  it  is  the 
meeting  place  of  two  very  different  faunas,  that  of  the  arid 
south-west  (Sonoran  Zone  of  Merriam  and  others)  with  that 
of  the  more  humid  north  and  east  (Canadian  and  Transition 
Zones).  The  latter  is  with  us  found  chiefly  in  the  mountains 
while  the  former  occupies  the  valleys  and  plains  or  "mesas." 

It  is,  furthermore,  a  most  excellent  place  for  such  a  study 
because  of  the  fact  that,  except  in  the  irrigated  valleys,  it 
has  not  been  very  seriously  interfered  with  by  the  activities 
of  man.  It  is  evident  from  the  last  statement  that  now  is 
the  time  for  such  a  study,  before  the  advance  of  development 
shall  render  it  more  difficult.  As  to  the  value  of  such  study, 
aside  from  its  purely  scientific  value,  it  has  been  pointed  out 
by  Merriam,  Cockerell,  and  others  that  a  study  of  the  natural 
plant  and  animal  life  of  a  region  is  a  good  indication  as  to  the 
crops  that  can  be  best  grown  in  a  given  area  and  soil. 

The  data  here  given  is  not  alone  that  gathered  with  the 
expedition  this  summer  but  includes  as  well  the  results  of 
the  past  four  years'  study.  The  region  which  has  been  most 
closely  studied  is  that  portion,  of  Bernalillo  County  in  the 
vicinity  of  Albuquerque  and  the  western  slope  and  top  of  the 
Sandia  Mts.  Quite  extensive  collections  have  been  made 
also  in  the  Manzano  Mts.  the  Jemez  Mts.,  and  with  the  Con- 
servation Commission  in  the  vicinity  of  Mt.  Taylor.  Small 
collections  have  also  been  made  about  Silver  City,  Socorro, 
Belen,  Mountainair,  Santa  Pe,  Espanola,  Taos,  and  Wagon 
Mound. 

Topographically  the  region  divides  itself  into  three  types 

(1)    (Report  of  the  Zoologist  with  the  Survey.) 


68  NATURAL    RESOURCES   SURVEY 

(1)  the  mountains,  (2)  the  plains  and  "mesas,'1  an  arid 
steppe  type  and  (3)  the  valleys;  and  the  plant  and  animal  life 
follows  this  distinction  very  closely.  Even  the  birds  that 
seemingly  could  so  readily  pass  from  one  type  to  another,  in 
the  main  do  not  do  so  but  remain  quite  distinct.  In  the 
mountains  for  instance,  are  robins  and  other  thrushes,  crows, 
chickadees,  nuthatches,  canon-towhees,  pinonettas,  etc.  On 
the  steppes  are  shrikes,  sparrowhawks,  western  quail  but 
especially  and  vastly  outnumbering .  all  others  combined, 
prairie  horned-larks.  In  the  valleys  are  meadow- larks, 
Mexican  finches,  wild  geese  and  ducks,  and  at  least  three 
species  of  blackbirds  and  more  of  sparrows. 

THE   PLANT   ASSOCIATIONS   AND  SOCIETIES  l 

As  the  distribution  of  animals  and  especially  insects  is  so 
closely  dependant  upon  that  of  plants,  a  study  of  physio- 
graphic plant  ecology  forms  a  necessary  foundation  for  the 
study  of  physiographic  animal  ecology,  but  as  the  author  has 
treated  the  former  in  another  place  (2),  a  mere  outline  of  the 
chief  associations  and  societies  to  serve  as  a  means  of  naming 
those  of  the  animals  will  suffice  here.  The  names  of  the 
plant  associations  form  a  most  satisfactory  nomenclature 
for  animal  habitats  and  one  that  can  be  recognized  at  a  glance. 
No  animal,  of  course,  occupies  all  of  the  places  in  its  area  of 
distribution  so  that  a  mere  statement  of  the  latter  gives  but 
an  imperfect  idea  of  where  an  animal  may  be  found.  You 
say,  for  instance,  that  a  certain  beetle  occurs  in  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona.  Yet  there  would  be  many  places  in  that  terri- 
tory in  which  you  would  search  in  vain  for  it.  If,  however, 
you  stated  that  it  occurs  in  the  Pinus  ponderosa  formation 
there,  3Tou  have  really  told  one  where  to  look  for  it,  and- since 
an  animal  nearly  always  occupies  all  suitable  habitats  within 
its  area  of  distribution,  you  could  probably  tind  it  in  most 

(1)  For  the  benefit  of  such  of  our  readers  who  are  not  familiar  with  the  terms 
used  in  plant  ecology  it  should  be  explained  that  an  association  includes  a  tract 
of  land  dominated  over  most  of  its  extent  by  some  plant  or  group  of  plants  that 
are  usually  found  growing  together,  as  the  Yellow  Pine,  White  Oaks,  and  Wild 
Gooseberries.  An  association  should  cover  considerable  territory.  A  society  is  a 
subdivision  of  a  formation  where  some  other  plant  or  one  only  of  those  composing 
the  formation  is  locally  dominant,  such  as  the  Long-leaved  Poplar  or  Red  Cedar 
Societies  along  streams  in  the  Yellow  Pine  Formation. 

2)  Soon  to  be  published  in  the  Botanical  Gazette. 


ZOOLOGY  69 

places  in  this  area  and  formation.  For  this  same  reason  the 
use  of  these  formations  is  usually  to  be  preferred  to  that  of 
the  much  more  inclusive  zones  of  Merriam.  The  Upper 
Sonoran  for  instance  includes  such  diverse  formations  as  the 
grassy  steppe  about  Albuquerque  and  the  Pinon  forest  of 
the  Sandias,  and,  as  can  be  readily  seen  by  referring  to  the 
lists,  the  latter  includes  very  many  forms  not  found  in  the 
former  and  vice  versa.  In  fact  the  species  not  common  to 
the  two  are  nearly  as  numerous  as  those  that  are.  In  other 
words  these  formations  represent  a  very  definite  complex  of 
environmental  factors  and  one  which  is  fairly  uniform  where- 
ever  it  occurs,  whereas  "New  Mexico"  or  "Sonoran"  does 
not  stand  for  anything  nearly  so  uniform  in  the  matter  of 
environment.  On  the  other  hand,  when  an  animal  occurs  in 
several  formations  the  term  "Upper  Sonoran"  may  be  very 
convenient  as  it  obviates  the  necessity  of  repeating  all  of  the 
formations  and  I  have  frequently  used  it  in  the  following 
pages. 

The  formations  divide  themselves  into  the  same  three 
great  groups  as  the  topography  but  each  is  capable  of  f u  rther 
subdivision  as  follows: 


70 


NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 


Valleys 


Dissect-  I 
ed  edge j 
of  the) 
"mesas" 

I 


Moun- 
tains 


The  mud  flats  of  the  Rio 

Grande 

The  Cottonwood  Forest 
The  Juncus  Pepperweed 

Society  (a  meadow) 
The  irrigated  fields 
Acequia  banks 
Grassy  meadows,  poorly 
represented  along  the 
Rio  Grande  but  well 
developed  below  Aco- 
ma  and  other  valleys 
Bigelovia  Association 
Ray  less  Golden-rod  Soc. 
Dalea  scoparia — Croton 
Soc.   (in  very  sandy 
places) 
Yucca  Society,   (also  in 

sandy  soil) 
Sand  Dunes 
Bigelovia  Hills 
[     Hymenatherum  Hills 
f  The  grassy  Steppe  For- 
mation   (This    includes 
the    lower     "mesas", 
j      those  free  of  trees.  The 
higher    parts     are     in- 
cluded in  the  rext) 
f  Cedar  Association  (Juni- 
;        perus  monosperma) 
;     Opuntiaarborescens  So- 
ciety. 
Pinon  Association 

Box-elder  Society 
Pinus  ponderosa  Associa- 
tion (Yellow  Pine) 
Oak  Chaparral  (on  high 

slopes) 

Populus    longifolia    So- 
ciety (In  the  canons) 
Red  Cedar  Soc.  (on  tra- 
vertine deposits  along 
streams) 

Meadows  along    moun- 
tain streams 
Meadows  on  high  slopes 


Merriam  classed  this 
as  Lower  Sonoran 
but  Cockerell  and 
others  do  not  agree 
with  him  but  call 
it  a  transitation 
between  the  upper 
and  lower 


•  Upper  Sonoran 


Transition  Zone 


ZOOLOGY  71 

f  Douglas  Spruce  Associa-  ) 

tion  >  Canadian  Zone 

Mount's.  Quaking  Asp  Society       ) 

i   Blue  Spruce  Association  )  „    , 

[     Meadow  Societies  \  Hudsoman 

LIST  OF  SPECIES  COLLECTED  WITH  NOTES   ON   THE  SAME. 

In  the  following  lists  species  are  in  general  not  duplicated 
under  each  association  in  which  they  may  occur  but  are 
listed  under  that  one  in  which  they  are  most  abundant  and 
if  they  are  at  all  common  in  any  other  association  a  note  is 
made  of  that  fact.  If  the  breeding  place  is  known  the  spe- 
cies is  always  listed  there,  as  ecologically  an  animal  is  "at 
home"  only  where  it  breeds.  Some  of  the  species  have  been 
collected  only  once  or  a  few  times.  These  are  listed  where 
found  although  we  are  aware  that  to  place  an  animal  ecologi- 
cally on  only  a  few  collections  is  mere  guess  work.  Since 
however  so  little  collecting  has  been  done  in  this  region  it 
seemed  best  to  tabulate  all  species  leaving  it  to  some  future 
entomologist  to  make  corrections.  Since  all  such  cases  are 
mentioned  in  the  note  under  the  same  no  harm  will  be  done 
if  the  reader  will  remember  that  one  marked  rare  or  uncom- 
mon may  really  belong  somewhere  else.  Beetles  which  are 
not  in  Fall  and  Cockerell's  List  of  Coleoptera  for  New  Mex- 
ico are  marked  (*).  The  same  is  used  for  Orthoptera  not  in 
Cockerell  and  Scudder's  list  or  for  Diptera  not  listed  for 
New  Mexico  in  Aldrich's  Catalogue.  §  means  that  the  species 
has  not  been  reported  from  that  locality  in  the  lists  cited.  ** 
indicates  that  the  species  has  not  been  reported  from  New 
Mexico  previously  or  that  it  was  named  from  specimens  sent 
from  here.  (N)  means  that  the  species  is  of  northern  or 
north-eastern  origin,  (S)  of  southwestern  or  Sonoran*  The 
Coleoptera  were  determined  by  Prof.  H.  P.  Wickham,  the 
Orthoptera  by  Prof.  Lawrence  Brunei1,  the  bees  by  Prof. 
Cockerell,  the  hemiptera  by  Wm.  Gerbart  or  Heinman  of  the 
National  museum  to  which  institution  all  other  groups  were 
also  sent.  The  Cicindelidae  were  almost  determined  by  Dr. 
V.  E.  Shelf ord  of  the  University  of  Chicago  to  whom  the 
writer  is  deeply  indebted  not  only  for  many  valuable  sugges- 
tions and  help  in  the  local  field  but  also  for  his  training  in 
animal  ecology.  Many  species  yet  await  identification  and 


72  NATURAL   RESOURCES  SURVEY 

are  nob  included  in  this  sketch,  the  purpose  of  which  indeed 
is  not  to  make  a  list  of  the  species  in  this  area  but  to  treat 
of  the  local  distribution.  Those  found  in  dwellings  only  and 
introduced  species  found  only  on  cultivated  crops  have  been 
purposely  omitted.  Unless  otherwise  stated  the  locality  is 
understood  as  being  in  the  vicinity  of  Albuquerque  or  the 
Sandia  Mts. 

BLUE  SPRUCE  AND  MEADOWS  (HUDSONIAN 

ZONE) 

Very  little  collecting  was  done  here.  The  association  was 
visited  several  times  on  North  Sandia  Mountain,  once  on  Old 
Baldy  of  the  Jemez,  and  on  the  very  top  of  Mt.  Taylor.  The 
following  were  collected  here  only. 

g  Cicindela  longilabris  (an  undescribed  variety  according 
to  Shelford.)  Previously  reported  from  Santa  Pe  and  Beu- 
lah  only. 

§  Chrysomela  auripennis,  Say. 

An  Andrena  (Perhaps  f  ragariana,  Gaen.) 

§  Irbisia  brachycerus,  Uhl.  On  Old  Baldy  of  the  Jemez 
Mts. 

In  addition  the  Painted  Lady,  Pyrameis  cardui,  was 
more  abundant  here  than  anywhere  else  although  it  occurs 
throughout  our  region  and  in  fact  "wherever  the  thistle 
grows"  (Holland).  On  the  very  top  of  Mt.  Taylor  was  ob- 
served a  very  curious  collection  of  the  lady-beetle,  Hypo- 
damia  convergens.  There  were  several  thousand  of  them 
massed  in  an  area  of  only  about  a  square  foot.  They  did  not 
seem  to  be  copulating.  Under  the  stones  under  the  mass  of 
beetles  were  other  thousands  of  old  faded  elytra  of  the  same 
species,  showing  that  the  same  phenomenon  had  occurred 
here  the  previous  year.  A  similar  collection  was  seen  on 
one  of  the  very  topmost  peaks  of  the  Sandias  in  the  fall  of 
1907.  Were  they  seeking  a  place  to  hibernate?  It  was 
August  and  September  respectively  and  early  fall  on  those 
high  peaks. 

DOUGLAS  SPRUCE   ASSOCIATION 

This  is  the  most  mesophytic  Association  we  have  and  the 
most  dense  forest.  It  does  not  make  a  continuous  "zone" 
anywhere  with  us  but  occurs  as  scattered  patches  in  the 


ZOOLOGY  73 

deeper  canons  and  on  north-facing  slopes.    It  is  very  poor  in 
insect  life  as  is  the  proceeding,     it  is  the  home  of  the  chick- 
adees and  the  nut-hatches  but  contains  no  lizards  of  its  own. 
Coleoptera. 

*  Aphonus  clunalis,  Lee.  (one  only.) 

**  Bruchus  sp.  "probably  new."     Common  on  Ptelea. 

Brupestis  maculiventris,  Say  (N.) 

§  Chauliognathus  basalis,  Lee.  Descends  into  the  Pinus 
ponderosa  association. 

Very  common  especially  on  tire-weed  in  this  Association. 

§  Eleodes  tricostata,  bay.  Old  Baldy  of  the  Jemez.  Wick- 
ham  reports  it  from  Albuquerque  but  it  certainly  is  not 
common  there. 

§  Monohamus  maculosus,  Hald. 

Hymen  op tero. 

Camponotus  pennsylvanicus.  (The  Carpenter  Ant.)  Very 
common  here  and  in  the  Yellow  Pine  Ass'n.  Never  seen 
outside  of  the  mountains. 

Sphex  extremitata,  Cress. 

Tentredo  unicinctus. 

Vespula  pennsylvanica,  (Sauss.) 

HEMIPTERA 

Apeteticus(Podiscus)  bracteatus,  Fetch.  On  Acer  glabrum, 
Torr. 

Brochymena  obscura.  Descends  into  the  Yellow  Pine  and 
Pinon  Ass'ns. 

Camptobrochis  grandis,  UhL     On  spruce. 

Corythuca  arcuata  (Say)  Morrill.  This  lace-bug  is  very 
common  on  Ptelea  and  oaks. 

Cyrtolobus  carinata,  Stal.     On  Berberis  fendieri. 

Cyrtolobus  trilineata,  Say.     do. 

Leptoglossus  occidentalis,  Heideman. 

Phy  tocoris  eximus,  Rent.     On  spruce. 

DIPTERA 

Cuterebra  americana,  Fab.     (Ga.  to  Cal.) 

Dejeania  vexatrix,  0.  EQ.     At  Aralia  racemosa  in  bloom. 

*  Jurinella  ambigua,  Macq.     At  Aralia. 

*  Paradejeania  rutiloides,  Jarmicks.     At  Aralia. 
Peleteria  tessellata,  Fabr.     (N)  "Hudsonian  Zone  in  N.  M.' 
Arctophila  flagrans,  0.  S. 


ZOOLOGY  75 

LEP1DOPTERA 

Chrysophanus  virginensis,  Edwards. 

Epargyreus  tittrus,  Fab. 

Eresia  texana,  Echvards.     (S)  One  only. 

Grapta  zephyrus,  Edivards.  Not  very  abundant,  in  this  and 
the  Yellow  Pine  Association  only.  Never  seen  outside  of 
the  Mts. 

Hesperia  montevaga.  Abundant  here,  less  so  over  the 
mountains  generally. 

Occurs  from  the  Middle  States  to  Arizona  according  to 
Holland. 

Papilio  daunus.  Common.  Somewhat  less  so  in  the  Yel- 
low Pine  Association. 

Vanessa  antiopa.     (N) 

PINUS  PONDEROSA  (YELLOW    PINE)  ASSO- 
CIATION 

Machilis.  sp. 

A  large  aperous  insect,  a  fish  moth  (Lepismidae),  is  common 
here  among  pine  needles.  Lepisma,  I  have  not  seen  here. 

ORTHOPTERA 

Arphia  tenebrosa,  Scudd.  Most  common  on  the  lower  edge 
of  this  Association.  One  was  caught  on  the  "mesa." 

Leprus  cyaneus,  Gkll.     One  only  taken. 

Melanoplus  punctulatus,  Uhl.     Also  in  the  Jemez  Mts. 

Trimerotropis  cincta.  Some  in  the  Spruce  and  Pinon 
Assns. 

COLEOPTERA 

*  Chrycochus  coboltinus,  Lee. 

§  Cleonus  trivattus,  Say. 

Cymindis  laticollis,  Say. 

§  Galeruca  externa,  Say. 

Lecontia  discicollis,  Lee.     Under  bark  of  pine  stumps. 

Lucanus  mazama,  Lee. 

Lygistopterus  rubripennis,  Lee.     One  only. 

§  Polemius  platyderus, 

Trox  sonorae,  Lee. 

HYMENOPTERA 

Andrena  apacheorum,  at  blossoms  of  wild  plum.  Not 
quite  sure  of  the  species. 


76  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

A.  salicinella,  Gkll.     On  willow  in  bloom.     April  2nd. 
Bombus  juxtus,  Cresson.     At  Frasera.     Also  in  Jemez  Mts. 
at  Cleome. 

Clisodon  terminalis,  Cr.     At  Eudbeckia. 

fr  *     Melisodes  atrifera  sandiarum,  Gkll.     Type  locality. 

Psammoshares  atrox,  (Dahll).     Jemez  Mts. 

HEMIPTERA 

Ceresa  albidosparsa,  Stal.  Common  in  the  Jemez  Mts. 
from  which  it  descends  the  valley  to  Albuquerque.  I  have 
not  collected  it  in  the  Sandia  Mts. 

Clastoptera  obtusa  (Say)  Jemez  Mts. 

Cyrtolobus  vau,  Say.     Jemez  Mts. 

Lopidea  confluens. 

Oncometopia  lateral) s,  Fabr.  Taken  in  no  other  associa- 
tion. 

Pentatoma  lignata,  Say. 

DIPTERA 

Anthrax  f  ulviana,  0.  8. 
Asilus  limpidipennis,  Nine. 

Arctophyla  flagrans,  0.  S.  (N)  Alaska  to  S.  D.  according 
to  Aldrich. 

Asilus  tenebrosus,  Will. 
Carphotrichia  culta,  Will.     Jemez  Mts. 

*  Microphtalma  disjuncta,  Wild.    (N)  From  N.  H.  to  Ga.  to 
S.  D.  and  Cal. 

*  Odontomyia  nigrirostris,  Loeu.     Jemez  Mts. 

*  Pachycerina  dolorosa,  Will.    Jemez  Mts.  Another  north- 
ern (Colo.)  type  apparently  absent  from  the  Sandia  Mts. 

*  Stenopa  vulnerata,  Loew.     Another  northern  type,  very 
abundant  in  the  meadows  along  the  upper  Jemez  River,  which 
is  entirely  absent  from  the  Sandias. 

Tetranocera  plumosa,  Lev.     As  the  last. 

Tabanus  centron,  Martin.  This  and  the  next  two  are 
equally  abundant  in  the  Pinon  Assn.  but  extremely  rare  on 
the  "mesa." 

T.  intensions,  Towns. 

T.  punctifer,  0.  S. 

LEPIDOPTERA 

Basilarchia  weidelmeyeri.     Abundant  in  the  canons  of  the 


ZOOLOGY  <7 

Sandia  Mts.  where  oaks  are  abundant.  Less  so  in  the 
Jemez  and  on  Mt.  Taylor  where  the  oaks  are  not  as  common. 

Adelpha  californica. 

Plestia  dorus. 

Thanaos  persius,  Scudd. 

Thecla  darnon  discoidalis,  Skinner. 

*  Thecla  halesus,  Cramer.     Abundant  about  the  oaks. 

The  red-bellied  Horn  Toad  (Phrynosoma  hernandesii)  is 
particularly  characteristic  of  this  association  but  descends 
into  the  next. 

CHAPARRAL  OF  HIGH  SLOPES  AND  MOUNTAIN  TOPS. 

This  society,  although  belonging  to  the  same  Pine  Asso- 
ciation differs  from  the  typical  pine  forest  in  that  the  trees 
are  scattering  and  the  herbs  are  somewhat  different.  The 
following  are  particularly  characteristic  of  this  society. 

ORTHOPTERA 

Arphia  arcta.  Descends  to  the  Cedar  Association.  This 
and  the  next  are  particularly  noteworthy  for  the  loud  noise 
that  they  can  make  comparable  with  an  active  boy,  a  stick, 
and  a  picket  fence.  They  make  this  loud  crackling  only 
on  the  wing  and  while  the  sun  is  shining  and  often  a  con- 
siderable number  at  the  same  time  i.  e.  one  starting  up 
seems  to  excite  the  others.  These  concerts  would  seem  to  be 
of  the  nature  of  courtship  performances  although  Sharp  in 
the  Cambridge  Natural  History  states  that  the  reason  for 
these  performances  so  common  among  Orthoptera  is  obscure. 

Circotettix  undulatus.  Makes  the  loudest  noise  of  any  in 
our  region.  Very  rare  outside  of  the  Yellow  Pine  Ass'n. 

Hippiscus  neglectus.     One  only  (N). 

H.  tuberculatus.     "King  Grasshopper."     One  only. 

Trimerotropis  ferruginea.     Not  common. 

COLEOPTERA 

Anthoxia  aeneogaster,  Lap.    "Common  in  northern  N.  M." 

HYMENOPTERA. 

Megachile  fortis,  Cr. 

Melissodes  grindeliae.  These  bees  were  taken  from  the 
blossoms  of  Pentstemon  where  they  had  retired  for  the  night 
and  were  perfectly  inactive  when  founds  about  6  P.  M. 


ZOOLOGY  79 

HEMIPTERA 

Chelinidea  vittigera,  Uhl. 

LEPIDOPTERA 

At ry tone  taxiles,  Edwards. 

POPULUS    LONGIFOLI  A  SOCIETY 

This  is  of  such  small  area  and  is  so  strictly  limited  in  its 
distribution  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  streams  that  its 
insect  fauna  is  in  the  main  that  of  the  Pinus  ponderosa  Ass'n. 
The  following  Coleoptera,  however,  seem  characteristic: 

Blapstinus  sp. 

Eleodes  extricata,  Say.  A  peculiarly  mountain  type,  none 
having  been  taken  from  the  mesa. 

§  Melanotus  tissilis,  Gyle. 

§  Monilema  annulatum,  Say.     One  only. 

Tricolepsis  inornata. 

BOY-ELDER   SOCIETY 

The  remarks  made  above  concerning  the  Long-leaved  Pop. 
lar  Soc.  apply  also  here;  nevertheless  the  following  clearly 
belong  here. 

§  Cicendela  oregona,  Lee.  An  immense  swarn  of  this 
species  was  encountered  in  July  1909  in  Canon  de  Guadelope 
on  the  Sandia  Reservation.  They  were  collected  along  the 
stream  and  for  several  rods  each  stone  averaged  at  least  two 
dozen  per  sq.  ft.  of  area.  There  must  have  been  several  tens 
of  thousands  of  beetles  in  the  assemblage.  The  upper  parts 
of  the  stream  had  recently  gone  dry  and  this  may  have  caused 
the  beetles  to  congregate  around  the  remaining  water. 

Leptocoris  trivittatus.  This  "Box-elder  Bug"  has  followed 
its  host  to  Albuquerque  but  is  not  as  abundant  there.  It  is 
by  no  means  confined  to  the  tree  or  its  immediate  vicinity, 
however  but  occurs  on  the  very  top  of  the  Sandia  Range.  It 
is  active  as  early  as  Mar.  11,  beside  the  snow  drifts  in  the 
mountains. 

MEADOWS 

In  the  Jeinez  Mts.  in  this  association  there  are  mesophytic 
meadows  along  the  streams  where  grow  in  profusion  such 
northern  plants  as  Rudbeckia,  blue  violets  (scarce  in  the  San- 
dias),  Solidago,  Malva,  timothy  (Phleum) 

Here  the  following  were  collected,  mostly  along  the  Rio 
Cebolla. 


ZOOLOGY  81 

Tettix  granulatus. 

Xiphidium  fasciatum. 

§  Diplotaxis  punctata,  Lee.     Reported  from  Albuquerque. 

§  Iphthimus  serratus,  Man.  (N)  Abundant  in  Colo.,  but 
absent  from  the  Sandias. 

§  Lepturacanadensis,  Fabr.  (N) 

§  Megilla  vittigera,  Mann.  Abundant  on  golden-rod. 
Descends  the  Jemez  and  Rio  Grande  at  least  as  far  as  Albu- 
que. 

§  Trirhabda  flavolimbata,  Mann.  (N) 

T.  nitidicollis,   Lee. 

Bombus  hunterii,  Greene.    At  Rudbeckia. 

PINON  ASSOCIATION 

ORTHOPTERA 

Most  of  the  species  of  this  order  found  here  are  mesa 
forms  but  Trimerotropis  cyanea,  Scudd.  seems  to  be  espe- 
cially at  home  here  although  it  extends  up  into  the  Yellow 
Pine  Assn. 

COLEOPTERA 

Acmaeodera  variegata,  Lee.     One  only. 

§  Anaspis  rufa,  Lee.  Reported  from  the  Sierra  Blanca- 
Mts.  and  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs. 

§  Allorhina  niutabiles  (S)  Mt.  Taylor.  Never  seen  around 
Albuquerque. 

Anelastes  drurii,  Manzano  Mts. 

*  Buprestis  lanta.  (?) 

§  Collops  hirtellus,  Lee.  Manzano  Mts.,  a  northern  type 
previously  reported  from  Taos  Peaks  and  Coolidge. 

Cocinella  9-notata  (N)  Hibernates  under  yucca  stems. 
Occurs  also  in  all  previous  associations  but  very  scarce  in  the 
lower  ones. 

§  Cosiniptera  axillaris. 

§  Lebia  viridis,  Say.  (N)  From  the  Cedar  to  the  Pine 
Assns.,  inclusive. 

On  Asclepias  and  Fallugia. 

*  Melandra  striata. 

§  Pentataria  fuscula,  Lee.  On  golden  rod  and  Carex( Jemez 
Mts,)  Croton. 

§  Platynus  placidus,  Say.     Under  a  Pinon  very  high  up  on 


ZOOLOGY  83 

the  slope  (9000  ft.)  and  should  quite  probably  be  placed  under 
the  preceeding  association.  (N) 

Prionus  Californicus,  Mats. 

Pseudallonyx  sp.     Manzano  Mts. 

*  Salinas  omogera,  Lee.     Manzano  Mts. 

*  Silvanus  planatus,  Manzano  Mts. 

§  Anthocomus  ventralis,  Manzano  Mts. 

HYMENOPTERA 

Colletes  gilensis.     On  a  wounded  pinon  cone. 

Diadesia  australis,  Or.  At  Fallugia.  This  descends  to  the 
"mesa"  where  it  was  captured  on  Phacelia  corruga  and  Mai- 
vastrum  dissectum  cockerelli,  var.  rinconis,  Ckll.  On  Fullugia. 
prickly  pear,  Opuntia  arborescens  (Mountainair).  Also  at 
Belen. 

HEMIPTERA 

Brochymena  affinis,  Van  D. 

Peribalus  limbolaris,  Stal.  Very  abundant  on  blossoms  of 
Yucca  baccata. 

LEPIDOPTERA 

Epargyrus  tittyus.  Fab.  seems  to  belong  here. 

Phycoides  mylitta. 

Hesperia  montevaga. — In  this  and  the  next  assn.  (E) 

ALONG   STREAMS 

In  this  association  one  here  finds  several  species  of  Tettix 
which  are  quite  abundant.  There  are  a  very  few  grouse 
locusts  to  be  found  along  the  Rio  Grande.  With  this  excep- 
tion these  insects  are  entirely  confined  to  the  immediate  edge 
of  these  mountain  streams. 

Simulion — Black-flies  breed  in  large  numbers  in  the 
streams. 

Agabus  lugens,  Lee.     A  mountain  type. 

Bembidium  transversale,  Dej. 

Cicindela  rufiventris. 

Deronectes  striatellus,  Lee.     (N) 

Rhantus  binotatr>s,  Harr.     (N)     Mts.  only. 

HEMIPTERA 

Salda  sp.  These  shore  bugs  are  found  in  no  other  situ- 
ations in  our  region. 


84  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

The  lizard  of  this  Association  is  Sceloporus  undulatus.  It 
ascends  into  the  Yellow  Pine  Assn.  and  descends  through 
the  Cedar  Assn.  to  the  edge  of  the  mesa  but  never  onto  the 
open  mesa  itself.  It  is  a  better  climber  than  any  other  of 
our  species  and  frequently  climbs  trees,  its  favorite  atti- 
tude in  fact  is  at  the  dead  end  of  a  branch  but  always  a  low 
one.  This  is  also  the  home  of  the  Western  Diamond-back 
Kattlesnake. 

CEDAR  ASSOCIATION.  (Juniperus  monosperma) 

ORTHOPTERA 

Hesperotettix  viridis.  On  Asclepias  and  Gutierrezia  only  as 
far  as  our  observations  go  and  only  in  a  narrow  belt  at  the 
base  of  the  mountains,  on  the  extreme  lower  edge  of  this 
association. 

Hippiscus  corallipes.  Seems  to  be  particularly  abundant 
here  only,  but  it  occurs  on  the  mesa  occasionally,  and  gen- 
erally over  the  mountains.  We  took  it  on  the  very  top  of  Mt. 
Taylor. 

Trimerotropis  montanus,  Bruner.  Have  taken  this  in  the 
Sandia  Mts.,  Jetnez  Mts.,  and  on  the  mesa. 

COLEOPTERA 

Acmaeodera  pulchella,  Hbst.  On  Fallugia. 

Asida  opaca,  Say.  Taos,  Mt.  Taylor,  Jemez,  Sandia  Ranges. 
Also  common  in  the  pinon  and  pine  assns. 

Calosoma  peregrinator,  Guer.     One  on  the  "mesa". 

Eleodes  obsoleta,  Say.  This  seems  to  be  a  little  more  abund- 
ant here  altho  it  is  common  on  the  mesa  also.  Very  common 
about  Cabezon  (§)  in  this  association.  On  Mt.  Taylor  (§)  it 
ascends  into  the  Yellow  Pine  Forest.  Taken  at  Acoma  (§). 
Commonly  taken  in  hibernation  under  yucca  rosettes. 

*  Luperodes  varipes,  Lee.     One  only  taken. 

§  Tetraopes  femoratus,  Lee.  On  Asclepias  which  is  more 
abundant  here  than  elsewhere. 

Collops  bipucutatus,  Say. 

HYMENOPTERA 

Andrena  prunorum,  Ckll.  and  its  variety  gillettei,  Ckll.  are 
Upper  Sonoran  in  their  distribution  here.  They  have  been 
taken  from  Tamerix,  wild  plum,  wild  gooseberry,  (Ribes), 


ZOOLOGY  85 

Ehus,  and  Crataegus  (in  cultivation),  from  Mar.  31  to  April  26. 

Bombus  nevadensis,  Ores.  Especially  at  Chrysothamnas 
pucherlimos. 

Hallictus  aberrans?    At  Plum  and  Eibes. 

H.  amicus,  Ckll.     At  Rhus,  Salix  and  a  yellow  composite. 

H.  pectoraloides,  Ckll.     At  Eibes. 

H.  sp.  perhaps  pruinosus,  Eol).  At  Eibes,  Ehus,  and  wild 
plum. 

Melissodes  agilis,  Or.     At  Cleome. 

Perdita  zebrata,    Or.     Jemez  Mts.  Aug.  At  Cleome. 

Sphecodes  sophiae,  Ckll.     On  Ehus,  uncommon. 

Odynerus  (Ancistrolrus)  "near  to  sexcingulatus".  Around 
Eibes  and  wild  plum. 

Pepsis  formosa.  The  Tarantula  Killer  ranges  over  the 
entire  Upper  Sonoran  but  is  particularly  abundant  here. 

HEMIPTERA. 

Lygaeus  bicricis.  Widely  distributed  but  especially  abund- 
ant here. 

L.  lateralis,  Dall.     Active  until  Nov.  1. 

L.  turcicus  var.  reclivatus,  Say.  Especially  common  on 
Asclepias.  Common  also  on  the  same  plant  in  the  arroyos  of 
the  "mesa".  Collected  at  Espanola  but  not  at  Taos.  Pine 
Assn.  in  Jemez  Mts.  During  the  winter  it  is  very  commonly 
found  under  yucca  rosettes. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 

Litocala  sexsiginata.     Abundant  during  Mar.   and  April 
about  blooms  of  Ehus,  Eibes.,  and  wild  plum. 
Pieris  occidentalis. 

OPUNTIA   ARBORESCENS   SOCIETY 

On  the  fans  at  the  mouths  of  the  canons  there  usually 
develops  a  dense  thicket  of  this  cactus  which  is  found  also 
very  abundantly  throughout  the  Cedar  and  Pifion  Associa- 
tions. It  is  entirely  absent  from  a  large  part  of  the  grassy 
mesa  and  occurs  only  sparingly  elsewhere  until  one  ap- 
proaches the  Cedar  Assn.  The  following  insects  are  very 
characteristic  of  this  plant. 

Carpophilus  pallipennis.  This  beetle  deserves  to  be  called 
"The  Cactus  Nitidulid"  as  it  is  almost  universally  present  on 
cactus  flowers  especially  of  this  species.  Every  blossom  will 


86  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

commonly  show  from  a  dozen  to  a  hundred  or  more  indivi- 
duals. In  addition  to  eating  the  pollen  they  frequently 
consume  the  petals  also.  This  insect  was  also  taken  from 
among  fungus  mycelia  under  bark  (in  Spruce  Assn.,)  on 
dead  animals,  under  manure  and  stones,  and  on  other 
blossoms. 

Presmis  pocularis,  Dalm.  One  of  the  very  noticable  things 
about  this  cactus  is  the  abundance  of  dead  and  dying  limbs 
and  whole  plants.  Although  rabbits  and  starving  cattle 
help  in  producing  this  state  of  affairs,  it  is  due  chiefly  to  the 
work  of  this  and  the  next  insect.  This  peculiar  cerambycid 
may  be  seen  from  June  to  Aug.,  on  nearly  all  plants  of  this 
species,  which  it  apparently  never  leaves.  The  female  is 
usually  to  be  seen  carrying  her  much  smaller  mate,  even 
when  engaged  in  ovipositing  in  the  branches.  The  larvae 
bore  in  the  tissues  of  the  plant  causing  extensive  dark  colored 
areas  and  often  the  death  of  the  branch.  This  long-horned 
beetle,  in  its  degenerate  wings,  dark  color,  and  cylindrical 
form,  shows  a  most  interesting  resemblance  to  the  Tene- 
brionidae  of  the  genus  Eleodes  so  characteristic  of  this 
region.  As  it  never  leaves  its  host  it  has  no  need  of  wings 
which  would  probably  be  a  disadvantuge  in  that  it  might  be 
blown  off  during  the  terrific  sand  storms  of  this  region. 

Proarna  valvata.  This  cicada  is  also  very  abundant  on  the 
tree  cactus,  but,  unlike  the  last,  also  occurs  on  the  prickly 
pears.  During  the  last  of  June  and  the  first  half  of  July 
the  adults  are  abundant  and  the  loud  calls  of  the  males  are 
heard  on  every  hand  when  the  sun  is  shining.  But  let  a 
cloud  obscure  the  sky  for  a  moment  and  all  is  hushed.  They 
suck  the  sap  of  the  plant  and  here  also  the  eggs  are  laid,  an 
operation  that  so  engrosses  the  attention  of  the  females  that 
they  will  frequently  allow  the  collector  to  approach  and  pick 
them  off  with  the  fingers.  The  larvae  are  to  be  found  on  the 
roots  of  the  cactus  which  thus  furnishes  them  their  food 
throughout  life.  They  lie  in  small  mud  cells  among  the  roots 
and  apparently  feed  all  winter  as  well  as  summer. 

Rhopalophorus  longipes,  Say.  Was  taken  trom  Croton 
Texensis  which  is  common  in  this  society  (N.) 

§  Tragidion  coquus,  L.,  also  belongs  here  apparently  as 
does 


ZOOLOGY  87 

Cleonus  (Cleonopsis)  pulverulus,  Lee 

The  lizards  here  are  especially  Crotaphytus  collaris  and 
another.  This  association  is  also  the  home  of  the  Western 
Diamond-back  Rattlesnake.  I  have  never  seen  it  in  any  other. 

The  common  towhee  and  the  western  blue-bird  are  charac- 
teristic. The  latter  appears  again  in  the  Valley  but  is  less 
common  there.  It  is  absent  from  the  mesa. 

SHORTGRASS  OR  -MESA"  ASSOCIATION 

This  includes  the  arid  grasslands  or  steppe  which  is  en- 
tirely or  nearly  free  of  trees.  In  the  vicinity  of  Albuquerque 
this  association  is  coextensive  with  the  comparatively  uni- 
formly sloping  monoplain  known  locally,  as  elsewhere  in  the 
southwest  as  the  "mesas. "  To  the  northwest  and  elsewhere  in 
the  Territory  these  "mesas"  (not  of  course  true  mesas)  may 
rise  higher  and  be  occupied  by  the  Cedar  or  even  the  Pinon 
Associations.  For  the  sake  of  brevity  we  have  used  the  name 
"mesa"  to  designate  this  treeless,  grassy  steppe.  Faunistic- 
ally  we  will  recognize  three  subdivisions.  The  higher  parts, 
where  the  precipitation  is  greater  or  where  there  has  been 
less  serious  over-grazing,  are  covered  by  a  very  good  growth 
of  grass.  The  drier  or  most  seriously  overgrazed  portions 
have  been  invaded  by  the  composite  Gutierrezia  to  such  an 
extent  as  to  deserve  to  be  designated  The  Gutierrezia  So- 
ciety. The  arroyos  that  cross  the  "mesa"  form  the  third 
subdivision.  Many  types  occupy  all  these  situations  to  an 
apparently  equal  extent.  These  we  will  consider  first. 
THE  "MESA"  GENERALLY. 
ORTHOPTERA 

Trimerotropis  vinculatus.  This  is  preeminately  i/ie.mesa 
grasshopper  being  more  numerous  in  individuals  than  all 
other  orthoptera  combined.  It  ascends  far  into  the  mouths 
of  wider  canons  with  the  mesa  type  of  flora  and  fauna.  It  is 
common  in  the  Cedar  Ass'n.,  and  ascends  even  into  the  Yel- 
low Pine  Ass'n.,  but  is  by  no  means  so  dominant  there.  It 
is  fully  as  characteristic  of  the  Crysothamnus  Association. 
It  seems  to  be  the  common  grasshopper  over  most  of  New 
Mexico.  At  least  this  is  true  from  Silver  City,  Deming,, 
Rincon,  to  Taos  on  the  north  and  the  continental  divide  on  the 
west,  and  Wagon  Mound  on  the  northeast.  It  is  very  vari- 


88  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

able  in  color  and  the  variations  have  a  very  definite  relation 
to  that  of  the  ground  around  them,  being  very  light  on  sandy 
soil,  mottled  on  pebbly  hills  and  darker  among  the  pines 
where  there  is  more  vegetation.  The  first  adults  were  seen 
on  April  21st.,  this  year  and  they  are  often  quite  numerous  in 
early  December. 

Migrations.  During  the  several  evenings  in  early  Sept- 
ember of  this  year  the  city  of  Albuquerque  was  invaded  by 
large  numbers  of  this  locust.  The  same  phenomenon  has 
been  noticed  to  a  less  extent  during  each  of  the  four  autumns 
that  I  spent  in  this  region.  The  cause  of  this  movement 
from  the  "mesa"  into  the  valleys  is  this.  If  the  summer 
rains  start  in  early  in  July  or,  as  this  year,  in  late  June  the 
:grass  and  herbs  on  the  mesa  make  an  early  and  vigorous 
growth  to  which  the  locusts  quickly  respond  by  rapid  in- 
crease in  numbers.  When  the  rains  cease  these  grasses 
quickly  mature  and  dry,  making  most  excellent  hay  in  situ. 
This,  although  very  good  feed  for  herbivorous  mammals,  is 
apparently  useless  to  the  locusts,  which  migrate  to  the  de- 
pressions of  the  mesa  and  then,  as  these  also  dry,  out  to  the 
valleys.  Whenever  there  occurs  an  early  and  brief  rainy 
season  the  farmers  of  the  valleys  may  expect,  about  four  to 
six  weeks  after  its  close,  a  visit  in  force  from  these  mesa 
insects. 

COLEOPTERA 

*  Anepsius  delicatulus,  Lee. 

Asida  convexicollis.     Also  Cedar  Assn.     Estancia  Valley. 

A.     elata. 

A.     marginata.     One  seen  eating  a  dead  Eleodes. 

A.     marginata,  var.  rimata.    Only  near  base  of  Sandia  Mts. 

A.     sordida. 

Tylosis  maculatus,  Lee. 

§  Cantharis  deserticola.  Previously  reported  only  from 
Walnut  Creek,  Grant  Co. 

Canthon  ebenus,  Say. 

Paria  sellatus. 

Cicindela  pulchra.  Larvae  found  by  Dr.  Shelford  in  hard 
barren  adobe  on  the  edge  of  the  mesa  on  the  border  of  the 
Ohrysothemnus  Assn.  It  is  more  common  on  the  more 
grassy  mesa  towards  the  Rio  Puerco  (July  1911.)  Larvae 


ZOOLOGY  89 

also  found  in  similar  situations  in  the  Pinon  Assn.  on  Mt. 
Taylor,  Aug.  1911. 

Cantharis  deserticola,  Horn. 

Dermestes  marmoratus,  Say.  Exceedingly  common  on 
the  dried  pelts  of  dead  animals.  The  most  common  pelt 
beetle. 

§  Eleodes  carbonaria,  Say.     Also  in  Jemez  Mts. 

E.  dispersa,  Lee. 

§  E.  caudifera,  Lee.  This  beetle  was  quite  abundant  in 
1911,  while  previous  to  this  year  only  two  had  been  taken 
here. 

E.  gentilis,  Lee,. 

E.  sponsa,  Lee.  This  seems  from  the  records  in  Fall  and 
Cockerell's  list  to  be  most  abundant  in  Northern  N.  M.  but 
my  records  are  all  from  the  mesa  instead  of  the  mountains. 

Embaphion  contusum. 

*  Emmenastus  convexus,  Lee.  Extremely  abundant  un- 
der dung  and  Yucca  leaves.  It  spends  the  winter  in  the 
latter  but  is  not  dormant  except  on  the  coldest  days.  It  has 
been  taken  while  eating  pollen  on  Polyanesia  bracty,  Gutierrezia 
Astragulus  mollisimus  (Loco)  Mar.  5th  and  on  Croton.  Also 
common  in  the  Cedar  Assn. 

Hyporhagus  opuntia,  Horn.  With  the  last,  except  for  one 
on  the  blossom  of  the  Yucca  none  have  been  seen  elsewhere. 
Common. 

Eupagoderes  sordidus,  Lee. 

Eurymetopon  emarginatum,  Csy. 

Hister  militaris,  Horn.  Under  dead  animals,  manure  etc. 
Also  at  Silver  City  and  Taos.  (S) 

§  Lebia  anticeps,  Lee.     Only  other  record  is  Rincon. 

Ligyrus  gibbosus.  ^Abundant  about  electric  lights  in  Sept. 
Extends  up  into  the  Yellow  Pine  Assn. 

Nemognatha  sparsa. 

Nitidula  ziczac,  Say. 

Nothopus  zabroides,  Lee.     Also  around  city  lights. 

§  Phylotreta  pusilla,  Horn.  Abundant,  especially  on 
Cleome,  Polanesio,  Phaceli.  Extends  up  into  the  Yellow 
Pine  Assn. 

§  Saprinus  discoidalis,  Lee. 

S.  timbriatus. 


ZOOLOGY  91 

S.  lugens. 
*  S.  protusus. 
Pyrota  mylabrina,  Cheor. 

Meloe  sp.  Was  quite  common  about  the  base  of  Mt.  Tay- 
lor and  westward,  but  has  not  been  seen  about  Albuquerque. 

LEPIDOPTERA 

The  mesa  as  a  whole  is  very  poor  in  this  order.  The  fol- 
lowing are  characteristic  and  a  number  of  others  await  iden- 
tification. 

Lycaena  acmon.     Wagon  Mound. 

Meganostoma  caesonia,  Stall.     Southern  Dog-face. 

Pachysphinx  modesta. 

Pholisora  catellus,  Fab.     (N). 

Terias  mexicana. 

Pronuba  yuccasella,  R'dey.  Is  common  in  the  blossoms  of 
Yucca  glauca. 

Two  other  Teneids  are  common  under  the  dead  stems  of 
Yucca  all  winter  and  often  fly  about  on  the  warmer  days. 

HYMENOPTEHA 

Nomia  nevadensis,  Cress.  A  bunch  of  twenty  males  of 
this  species  were  one  morning  taken  from  a  head  of  Hymono- 
pappus  where  they  were  massed  like  a  diminutive  swarm  of 
honey  bees. 

Perdita  callicerata. 

Campyloneurus  sp.  Exceedingly  common  on  the  mesa 
specially  in  May,  about  the  wild  gourd  vines. 

Chelqn  sp.     About  Astragulus  caryocarpus. 

Ellis  sp.     ("Close  to  hyalina.")     On  Groton  texensis. 

Pogonomyrmex  occidentalis,  Cress.  The  low  mounds  sur- 
rounded by  a  space  several  feet  in  radius,  cleared  of  all  vege- 
tation and  covered  with  pebbles  brought  by  these  harvester 
ants,  are  one  of  the  most  characteristic  features  of  the  mesa. 
They  form  one  of  the  chief  sources  of  food  for  the  "horned 
toads''  which,  if  the  colony  is  too  active,  sometimes  have  the 
tables  turned  on  them.  The  larger  species  of  Eleodes  are 
very  fond  of  the  seeds  of  grass  collected  by  these  industrious 
harvesters  and  are  often  to  be  seen  searching  the  ground 
for  a  seed  that  may  have  been  overlooked.  The  habit  of  these 
ants  of  bringing  their  stores  of  grain  out  to  air  occasionally 
is  well  known.  In  this  connection  the  writer  once  made  an 


92  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

interesting  observation.  One  somewhat  windy  day  in  Sept. 
a  hill  was  visited  in  which  part  of  the  ants  were  busily  en- 
gaged in  bringing  out  the  grain  to  air  and  others  were  as 
busily  engaged  in  carrying  it  back  again.  One  ant  would 
drop  a  grain  and  at  once  start  back  without  a  load  into  the 
hill  for  another,  whereupon  the  grain  would  be  at  once  seized 
by  another  ant  and  carried  back  into  the  granary.  It  is  pos- 
sible that  this  treatment  is  what  the  grain  needed  but  it 
looked  to  the  interested  observer  like  a  serious  disagreement 
in  the  colony  as  to  where  that  grain  should  be,  a  case  illus- 
trating the  limitations  of  instinct  in  developing  "team  work." 

Salius  terminalis,  Say. 

Scolia  haematodes,  Burm. 

DIPTERA 

Asilus  exceedingly  common  and  a  good  many  species. 

Erax  cinerascens,  Bellard. 

E.  varipus,  Will. 

Promachus  princeps,  Will,  common  here  and  in  all  Sonoran. 

Ablantus  sp.     Are  common  from  early  March  on. 

Anthrax  alpha,  O.  S.     Common. 

A.  welistonii,  Cog. 

A.  fulviana,  0.  S. 

Anastoechus  nitidulus,  Lee.  Common  and  a  favorite  food 
of  the  robber-flies. 

"Didges"  are  very  abundant  here.  In  May  especially  they 
make  life  miserable  for  the  traveller  by  their  continual 
asaults  upon  his  eyes  and  ears. 

NEUROPTERA 

Brachynemurus  ferox,  Walk,  and  B.  nigrilabris.  Hag,  are 
common  over  the  whole  Sonoran.  The  pits  of  the  larvae  or 
"ant  lions"  are  common  especially  among  the  Pinons,  but 
the  adults  come  in  large  numbers  to  lights  at  the  University. 

Panorpa  or  "Scorpion-flies"  have  the  same  distribution  but 
are  less  common.  These  may  not  breed  on  the  mesa. 

CENTIPEDIA   AND   ARACHNIDA. 

The  following  are  characteristic  of  this  and  the  next  asso- 
ciations. 

Scolopendra  sp.  These  large  centipedes  are  quite 
common  and  frequently  enter  houses  to  the  great  dismay  of 


ZOOLOGY  93 

the  housewives.  They  are  often  to  be  met  with  out  of  doors 
under  cattle  dung,  stones,  and  piles  of  sticks.  They  are 
nocturnal  in  habit.  Their  bite  is  by  no  means  as  serious  as 
represented.  The  common  belief  that  they  carry  a  poison 
sac  on  each  of  their  feet  is,  of  course,  erroneous. 

Thelyphonus  sp.  The  whip-Scorpion,  or,  as  is  commonly 
known  here,  the  "Vinagron,"  is  rarely  met  with  on  the  mesa. 
Though  probably  poisonous  its  bite  is  also  grossly  exaggerated 
in  popular  belief. 

Lycosa  sp.  "Tarantulas"  are  somewhat  more  common  than 
the  last  but  much  less  so  than  the  centipedes.  Their  bite  is 
more  serious  than  any  of  the  above,  but  still  not  dangerous 
to  most  people. 

MAMMALS 

The  mesa  is  the  particular  home  of  the  coyote,  the  Black- 
tailed  Jack- Rabbit  and  formerly  of  the  Pronghorn  (usually  but 
incorrectly  spoken  of  as  the  "antelope")  which  is  said  to  have 
been  common  here  twenty  or  thirty  years  ago  and  still  occurs 
in  limited  numbers  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Territory. 
This  and  the  Jackrabbit  are  true  steppe  forms  in  that  they 
depend  entirely  upon  fleetness  for  safety,  never  entering  the 
the  ground  even  for  breeding  purposes,  as  the  coyote  does. 
The  Prong-horn  is  said  by  Thompson-Seton  to  be  on  the 
average  the  fleetest  animal  in  the  world.  The  coyote  and  the 
Jackrabbit  are  frequently  seen  as  high  as  the  Yellow  Pine 
Assn.  The  latter  avoids,  in  the  main,  the  more  open  mesa, 
and  is  most  abundant  in  the  Cane  cactus  Soc.  (Opuntia 
arborescens)  and  in  the  Dalea  scoparia  Soc. 

Other  common  mesa  mammals  are  Prairie  Dogs,  Ground 
Squirrels,  and  Pocket  Gophers  all  true  ground  forms  and  to 
them  may  be  added  the  Cotton  Tail  Rabbit  which  is  more 
widespread  in  its  distribution,  ascending  high  into  the  moun- 
tains and  occupying  all  of  the  valley.  With  possible  excep- 
tion of  the  last  probably  none  of  these  rodents  drink  water 
except  after  the  very  occasional  showers  which  may  be  months 
apart  and  seldom  indeed  is  there  any  dew.  It  is  a  common  be- 
lief that  in  every  Prairie-dog  town  there  is  one  hole  that  goes 
down  to  water.  As  it  is  two  hundred  feet  to  water  in  some 
of  the  "towns"  east  of  Albuquerque  the  ridiculousness  of  the 
belief  is  apparent. 


ZOOLOGY  95 

The  coyote  is  not  a  strict  carnivore  in  his  appetite  but  is 
particularly  fond  of  the  "prickly  pears."  So  much  so,  indeed, 
that  they  usually  take  the  entire  crop  within  a  few  weeks  of 
the  time  they  become  ripe.  The  writer  has  been  told  they 
often  raid  a  water-melon  patch. 

The  Praire  Horned-lark  which  is,  as  we  have  said  above, 
the  bird  of  the  mesa  has  a  very  interesting  way  of  spending 
the  night  especially  in  winter  when  domestic  cares  do  not 
necessitate  other  arrangements.  Trees  and  shrubs  being 
absent  it  has  no  place  to  perch.  Instead  it  hollows  out  a 
hole  on  the  leeward  side  of  a  hill  or  undulation  of  the  mesa 
to  fit  its  body  so  that  its  back  is  level  with  the  surface  of  the 
ground  and  there  it  spends  the  night.  It  is  interesting  to 
note  the  native  people  when  they  sleep  on  the  open  mesa 
as  frequently  happens,  in  winter,  often  make  exactly  the 
same  arrangements. 

These  birds  are  gregarious  in  winter  but  separate  in 
summer. 

"THE   GRASSY    STEPPE"    OF   THE    "MESA" 

In  addition  to  those  found  the  mesa  over,  the  following  are 
nearly  or  quite  restricted  to  these  more  grassy  parts. 

Hippiscus  cerallipes,  Hald.  This  species  is  by  no  means 
restricted  to  the  mesa  but  ranges  over  the  mountains 
generally,  being  found  on  the  very  top  of  Mt.  Taylor,  but 
always  in  places  covered  with  a  good  growth  of  grass.  Fall 
and  Cockerell  report  it  from  LasCruces.  This  in  connection 
with  the  Mt.  Taylor  record  will  give  it  the  immense  vertical 
range  of  between  eight  and  nine  thousand  feet,  illustrating 
well  the  insufficiency  of  temperature  alone  as  a  controlling 
factor  in  distribution.  Its  ecological  distribution  i.  e.  good 
grassland,  is  much  narrower.  Those  on  Mt.  Tayior  seemed 
to  have  shorter  wings  than  those  about  Albuquerque.  The 
first  adult  was  found  on  June  5th.  and  they  were  still  abund- 
ant on  Nov.  1st.  Well-developed  nymphs  with  wing  pads 
were  found  in  hibernation  under  yucca  stems  on  Mar.  11, 
and  late  Nov. 

§  Also  collected  about  Acoma.     It  ranges  to  Utah. 

Tropidolophus  formosus,  Say.  All  of  my  collections  are 
from  Aug.  to  Oct.  Ranges  to  Colo,  and  Wyoming. 

§  Lycus  fernandezii,  Duger.     (S.) 


ZOOLOGY  97 

This  situation  is  here  the  particular  home  of  the  lizard 
cnenudophorus  6-lineata.  It  is  particularly  abundant  between 
the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Rio  Puerco.  The  leopard  lizard  is 
also  at  home  here  as  is  the  prairie  rattlesnake.  It  is  the  most 
common  snake  on  the  mesa. 

GUTIERREZIA   ASSOCIATION 
ORTHOPTERA 

Stenopalmatus  fasciatus.  Quite  common  under  cow 
manure  and  stones.  Extends  up  into  the  lower  canons.  This 
harmless  "Child  of  the  Earth"  is  regarded  by  most  of  the 
settlers  of  both  Spanish  and  Anglo-Saxon  descent,  as  being 
deadiy  in  its  bite. 

COLEOPTERA 

§  Eleodes  hispilabris,  Say.,  The  most  abundant  of  the 
genus  here  and  in  the  Bigelovia  Association.  Also  in  the 
Valley  and  in  the  meadows  below  Acoma. 

g  E.  leconti,  Jlorn. 

.  §  E.  longicollis,  Lee.  Also  very  abundant.  One  of  these 
beetles  when  caught  and  held  on  its  back  squirted  its  ill- 
smelling  fluid  eight  inches.  When  disturbed  but  not  held 
they  do  not  eject  this  fluid  to  a  distance  but  elevate  the 
abdomen  and  force  out  a  drop  which  clings  to  the  tip.  They 
are  clumsy  creatures  and  in  their  efforts  to  stand  on  their 
heads  they  sometime  fall  over  forwards. 

E.  carbonaria,  Say.  Eats  pollen  sometimes,  not  a  common 
habit  in  this  genus. 

Eusattus  convexus,  Lee. 

These  large  black,  Tenebrionidae  form  a  very  large  and 
characteristic  feature  of  the  fauna  of  this  region.  The^  are 
true  children  of  the  desert.  Their  elytra  are  grown  together 
and  to  their  backs,  an  adaptation  to  the  fierce  sand  storms 
of  the  mesa.  These  wind  storms  drifting  sand  and  gravel 
with  them  are  a  source  of  grave  danger  to  the  fauna  of  the 
region,  even  to  man  himself.  The  author  has  several  times 
been  caught  out  on  the  mesa  when  one  struck  the  region 
with  its  usual  suddenness  and  has  stopped  to  observe  the 
behavior  of  the  animals.  The  prairie  horned  larks  sought 
the  shelter  of  the  friendly  arroyo  banks.  (The  author  has 
picked  up  these  birds  on  the  mesa  during  one  of  these 
storms.  They  were  so  exausted  by  the  buffetting  that  they 


8  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

had  received  that  they  made  no  effort  to  escape).  The  digger 
wasps  climbed  into  the  Gutierrezia  bushes  and  hung  on  for 
dear  life  with  all  of  their  feet  wrapped  about  the  stem,  an 
attitude  that  they  also  assume  during  a  shower;  the  snout 
beetles  on  the  other  hand  backed  down  off  the  Gutierrezia  and 
sought  shelter  in  the  ground;  the  wooly  bears  and  other 
caterpillars  curled  up  under  the  shelter  of  tufts  of  grass; 
most  of  the  lizards  sought  their  holes  as  did  the  harvester 
ants;  but  these  Tenebrionidae  went  about  their  business  as 
usual  entirely  oblivious,  apparently,  of  the  storm.  Their 
heavy  bodies  kept  them  from  being  blown  away  and  their 
heavy  coat  of  chi bin  (it  is  hardly  possible  to  force  a  heavy 
insect  pin  through  some  species)  defied  the  drifting  sand. 

In  their  disposition  not  to  be  too  particular  as  to  what  they 
eat  they  again  show  that  they  are  true  children  of  the  desert. 
Anything  from  the  tender  green  seedling  leaves  of  a  Hoff- 
manseggia  to  a  dead  member  of  their  own  species  is  good. 
They  collect  in  large  numbers  about  the  carcass  of  a  dead 
mammal.  They  will  come  out  from  their  winter  quarters 
Bunder  the  rosettes  of  Yucca  and  other  sheltered  places  any 
time  in  winter  if  it  is  as  warm  as  60  F.  They  have  been 
taken  by  the  author  on  Jan.  15.  However  these  beetles  be- 
:gin  to  be  less  abundant  at  Taos.  On  the  other  hand  they 
:seem  somewhat  to  shun  the  hottest  hours  of  the  day  in  sum- 
mer, being  then  much  more  noticeable  toward  sunset. 

HYMENOPTERA 

Andrena  jessicae.  Also  in  the  mountains  to  the  lower  edge 
of  the  Yellow  Pine  Assn.  i.  e.  Sonoran.  Frequents  Cratae- 
gus  (cultivated),  Tamarix,  Wild  plum,  Fallugia,  Astragulus 
caryocarpus.  From  April  11  to  June  6. 

Anthophora  affabilis,  Cress,  at  loco  (Astragulus  mollisimus). 

A.  lesquerella,  Ckll.  From  Phacelia  corruga,  Tamarix,  loco. 
One  from  Ribes  in  the  Sandia  Mts.  All  in  April. 

A.  porterae,  Ckll.  Very  abundant  about  Astragulus  cary- 
ocaspus,  but  also  taken  from  Cherry,  Phacelia  corruga,  loco, 
wild  plum.  Sonoran.  From  Mar.  25  to  May  7. 

*  *  A.  porterae  var.  watsoni,  Ckll.  With  the  last.  March 
27  to  May  15.  During  the  last  week  in  March  this  is  the 
most  abundant  bee  on  the  campus. 


ZOOLOGY  99 

A.  ursinus  at  Astragulus  caryocarppus,  Phacelia  corruga, 
also  in  the  mountains  on  Ribes. 

Bombus  rnorrisonii,  Cress.  Common  at  desert  willow 
(Cheilopsis),  and  Robinia  neo-mexicana  but  also  at  Cleome, 
Rudbeckia,  (Jemez  Mts.)  Asclepias  and  wild  plum  in  the 
mountains.  Up  into  the  Yellow  Pine  Assn.  where  it  is 
largely  replaced  by  B.  nevadensis. 

Bombomelecta  fulvida,  Cress.  Abundant  at  Astragulus 
caryocarpus,  but  only  two  ever  taken  at  loco.  The  smaller 
narrower  blossoms  of  the  latter  keep  away  many  bees  that 
are  abundant  on  the  former.  One  of  our  most  abundant 
bees  early  in  March. 

Dioxys  phaceliae,  Cldl.  A  very  common  bee  about  Phacelia 
corruga,  Biscutella  ivizlizenii. 

Halictus  cressoni,  Rob.     At  Berlinderia  and  "chimaja". 

ARROYOS  OF  THE  "MESA" 

Brachystola  magna,  Girard.  In  the  shallow  depressions 
or  "draw"  in  the  mesa  above  the  place  where  a  definite  ar- 
royo  developes  there  is  found  a  society  of  which  certain 
quick-growing  annual  grasses  are  most  conspicuous.  Here 
and  here  only  have  I  ever  found  this  big  nearly  wingless 
"Lubberly  Locust,"  a  good  illustration  of  an  insect  restricted 
to  a  very  limited  habitat.  It  occurs  west  of  San  Mateo  to- 
wards the  continental  divide  (Gee)  and  extends  east  to  Kpns., 
Okla.,  Wy.  and  Colo.  "Common  in  west  central  Texas."  But 
Cockerell  states  that  in  his  experiences  it  "frequents  open 
rocky  ground."  (Scudder and  Cockerell  in  "First  List  of 
New  Mexico  Orthoptera,  Davenport  Acad.  of  Science,  Proc.  9.) 

Heliastus  aridus,  Bruner.  This  grasshopper  which  was 
first  described  from  Albuquerque  occurs  very  generally 
over  the  mesa  and  well  into  the  Cedar  Ass'n.  It  seems  how- 
ever to  be  particularly  abundant  in  these  arroyos  where  its 
mottled  colors  agree  perfectly  with  the  gravelly  surface. 
April  16  is  the  earliest  date  of  appearance  of  adults  which 
may  be  found  in  late  Nov. 

Pentatoma  sayi.   Abundant  on  Croton  and  Russian  Thistle. 

Reuterscopus  ornatus.  Taken  only  on  Polynesis  bracteata 
^hich  is  confined  to  these  arroyos. 

*  Dicerca  obscura. 

Eupagoderes  wickmannii,  Sharp. 


100  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

Brachys  aerosa,  Melsli. 

Eusattus  convexus,  Lee. 

Epeolus  occidentalis,  Cress.     At  Cretan  texensis. 

*  Exerna  conspersa,  Mann.     On  Fallugia. 

CRYSOTHAMNUS   (BIGELOVIA)   ASSOCIATION 

This  association  occupies  the  dissected  edge  of  the  mesa 
and  the  higher  gravelly  parts  of  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande. 
It  occupies  these  rapidly  eroding  and  hence  unstable  situa- 
tions and  is  as  a  consequence  the  most  xeropytic  of  all  of 
our  associations.  Along  the  Rio  Puerco  we  found  this  asso- 
ciation immediately  adjoining  the  Cedar  Ass'n.,  while  in  the 
Albuquerque  region  the  broad  mesa  intervenes  The  reason 
for  this  is  that  the  Rio  Puerco  is  higher  allowing  the  Cedars 
to  creep  down  to  the  dissected  edge  of  the  valley.  The  plant 
C.  bigelovii  after  which  this  association  is  named  stops  ab- 
ruptly and  completely  at  the  edge  of  the  more  level  mesa. 
It  is  very  variable  with  many  well-marked  societies. 

Batyle  saturalis,  Say.     On  Thelesperma. 

Crossidius  pulchellus,  Lee.  Exceedingly  abundant  on 
Chrysothamnus  when  it  blooms  in  late  Sep.  and  Oct. 

§  Cysteodemus  wislizeni,  Lee.  (S)  Very  common  but  apt 
to  occur  in  colonies  which  however  are  spread  over  much 
ground.  It  occurs  also  on  the  mesa  but  not  in  the  moun- 
tains. About  the  base  Mt.  Taylor. 

Eusattus  difficultic,  Lee. 

E.  reticulatus. 

*  Epibragus  canaliculatus,  Say.  Common  also  on  the  mesa 
and  in  the  Dalea  Society.  It  eats  the  pollen  of  Rayless  Gol- 
den-rod and  Gutierrezia. 

Holopepta  Cacti,  Lee 

Otidocephalus  vittatus,  Horn.     On  Chrysothamnus. 

HYMENOPTERA. 

Mellisodes  menuacha,  Cr. 

Osmia  cerasi,  Ckll.  Chiefly  at  Phacelia  corruga.  Some  on 
chimaja.  All  in  April. 

O.  cyaneoniteus,  Ckll.     On  same  plants. 

O.  hesperella.  On  Phacelia  and  cherry.  One  on  a  Pinon 
cone. 


ZOOLOGY  10] 

O.  hypochry  searohweri,  Gkll.  Common  on  Phacelia  and 
Astragulus  caryocarpus  from  April  7  to  May  5. 

O.  Integra,  Cress.  Less  common  on  the  same  plants  at  the 
same  time. 

O.  neo-mexicana.  On  Biscutella  and  one  on  cherry.  One  was 
observed  to  kill  an  individual  of  the  next  species  in  a  quarrel 
over  an  early  bloom. 

**  O.  watsoni,  Gkll.  Type  locality.  Taken  on  Biscutella 
and  Phacelia  but  most  abundant  of  all  bees  on  Astragulus  sp. 
the  first  week  in  April  1911.  Mar.  28.  April  25. 

Spinoliella  australior     On  Phacelia  corruga  and  cherry. 

Tetralonia  lycii.  Most  abundant  on  Astragulus  ca-yocarpus 
but  some  on  Phacelia  corruga  and  Astragulus  mollissimus.  Mar 
25  to  Aug.  29-  One  in  Valley. 

**  T.  phaceliae,  Gkll.  Type  locality.  On  Phacelia  corruga. 
April. 

Ichneumtidea  abdomnalis,  Cress. 

HEMIPTERA 

Apiomerus  pictipes.  Common  also  in  the  Valley  and  up 
into  the  Pinon  Assn.  of  the  mountains  but  especially  abundant 
here  on  Ghrysothamnus. 

A.  spissipes,  Say.     Same. 

Phymata  erosa  fasciciata.  Very  abundant  here  on  Ghryso- 
thamnus and  in  Valley  on  Solidago,  in  the  yellow  blossoms  of 
which  it  is  almost  perfectly  concealed.  Not  nearly  so  well 
hidden  on  Groton  texensis&nd  Artecmesia  on  the  mesa  and  quite 
conspicuous  on  the  white  blossoms  where  it  also  occurs 
but  less  commonly.  In  connection  with  the  theory  of  agres- 
sive  resemblance  it  is  to  be  observed  that  the  instincts  of 
this  species,  and  I  suspect  it  is  general,  lead  it  to  usually 
select  blossoms  of  its  own  color  in  which  to  conceal  itself, 
but  by  no  means  invariably  so. 

P.  wolfii,  Less  common.    One  had  a  honey  bee  as  victim. 

Prunassis  venosa,  Vhl.  A  few  taken.  The  young  of  this 
cicada  live  on  the  roots  of  the  prickly  pear  cacti. 

Cicada  cinctifera,  Uhl.  With  the  last. 

LEPIDOPTERA 

Calosesia  coccinella.  Exceedingly  abundant  on  Hymeno- 
pappus  during  the  third  week  in  May.  Less  abundant  on 


102  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

Berlindiaria.  It  disappears,  completely  by  June  1st.  It  flies 
iu  the  hottest  sunshine  of  midday.  Its  conspicuous  colors 
blend  perfectly  with  those  of  the  Hymenopappus  blossoms 
but  less  satisfactorily  with  those  of  the  Berlindiaria. 

Erebus  odora,  L.  This  magnificent  Noctuid  is  occasionally 
taken.  (S) 

Crambus  laqueatellus.  Caught  abundantly  in  a  trap  dur- 
ing April  and  May,  reaching  its  climax  about  April  20. 

Cymatophora  sp.  Common  in  the  trap  during  May  and 
June  and  abundant  about  May  25. 

Platea  trilineata.  From  April  5  to  May  9  very  abundant  in 
the  trap  and  especially  so  about  April  20. 

SAND  DUNES 

Behind  Atrisco  they  are  entirely  barren  of  vegetation  and 
of  insect  life  except. 

Bembex  sp.,  which  here  find  conditions  favorable  for  their 
colonies. 

All  the  specimens  of  the  scorpian  (Buthus)  that  I  have  seen 
have  come  from  this  Association.  Its  sting  is,  to  most  people, 
not  nearly  as  serious  as  it  is  represented  to  be.  Persons 
that  have  experienced  it  say  that  for  a  short  time  only  is  the 
pain  more  severe  than  that  resulting  from  the  sting  of  a 
hornet  and  that  it  does  not  last,  as  long. 

Two  lizards  are  extremely  abundant  in  this  formation. 
They  are  Uta  stansburiana  and  Holbrookia  maculata.  They 
occur  in  small  numbers  only  on  the  mesa  or  in  the  valley. 
On  the  other  hand  three  oth^r  lizards  that  occur  here  are 
also  and  about  equally  common  on  the  mesa  itself.  They  are 
two  species  of  "horned  toad"  and  Cnemidophorus  gularis. 
The  horned  toads  go  into  hibernation  in  October,  not  to  ap- 
pear again  until  the  following  April  but  Uta  and  Holbrookia 
may  be  seen  in  limited  numbers  on  any  warm  day  even  in 
midwinter.  At  this  time  their  food  is  largely  white  ants, 
Hyporhagus,  Eusattus,  Emmenastus  and  other  ground  and 
Yucca  beetles  and  in  turn  they  furnish  an  important  part  of 
the  fare  of  sparrow  hawks  and  the  butcher  bird.  The 
latter  commonly  impales  them  on  the  branches  of  the  "de- 
sert willow"  and  other  plants  and  usually,  perhaps  never,  goes 
near  them  again,  but  in  times  of  scarcity  he  too  is  driven  to 
the  use  of  dried  meat  and  returns  and  eats  these  victims. 


ZOOLOGY  103 

The  horned  toads  bring  forth  their  young  alive.  One  that 
was  kept  in  the  writer's  laboratory  gave  birth  to  twenty- 
nine  one  night.  The  young  ones  left  their  mother  at  once 
and  scattered  and  when  caught  and  confined  together  they 
showed  no  signs  of  any  instinctive  regard  for  each  other. 
The  female  however  made  no  attempt  to  eat  her  young  even 
when  provided  with  no  other  food. 

After  a  rain  the  temporary  pools  here  and  on  the  mesa 
are  occupied  by  hordes  of  small  frogs  *  'peepers"  which  breed 
here  with  extreme  rapidity.  It  is  seldom  that  these  ponds 
last  more  than  a  week  or  two  and  yet  in  this  short  time  many 
seem  able  to  complete  their  metamorphosis.  These  extreme- 
ly temporary  ponds  may  also  be  occupied  by  a  species  of 
Apns,  a  crustacean. 

CROTON — DALEA  SCOPARIA  SOCIETY 

Dactylotum  pictum,  horn.  Thetricolored  Grasshopper,  or, 
as  it  was  aptly  named  by  one  of  my  students,  "The  Barber- 
pole  Grasshopper,"  occurs  wherever  its  foodplant  Croton 
texensis  occurs  in  sufficient  abundance. 

We  have  never  noticed  it  eating  any  other  plant  and  have 
never  found  it  in  situations  where  there  was  not  a  good  deal 
of  Croton,  so  it  seems  entirely  probable  that  it  recognizes  no 
other  plant  as  proper  food.  Nearly  full-grown  nymphs  were 
found  hibernating  under  Yucca  stems.  The  adult  has  very 
short  wings  which  are  useless  for  purposes  of  flight. 

Anthonomus  albipilosus,  Dtz.  Eats  out  the  center  of  the 
seeds  of  Croton  texensis,  one  in  each  seed. 

*  Bruchus  perplexus.  Common  here  on  Croton.  Also 
found  on  Tamarix,  Phacelia  corruga,  Fallugia.  and  Ninebark 
in  the  Pine  Ass'n. 

Cleonus  (Cleonopsis)  pulverens,  Lee. 

Europiella  stigmosa  (Uhl)  Rent.  On  the  blossoms  of  the 
Dalea. 

Lygaeus  pyrrhopterus,  Stal.  Specially  abundant  here  but 
generally  over  the  whole  Sonoran. 

Stagmomantis  Carolina.  L.  Sonoran  generally  but  com- 
mon here. 

Bacillus  carinatus  and. 

Diapheromera  femorata,  are  the  "Camponoche"  of  the  na- 


104  NATURAL   RESOURCES  SURVEY 

tive  people  and  are  credited  with  causing  the  death  of   many 
a  poor  horse.     Perfectly  harmless  of  course. 

VALLEY 

The  following  are  found  generally  distributed  over  the 
valley. 

ORTHOPTERA 

Melanoplus  bivitattus.  This  is  strictly  a  valley  type  none 
having  been  taken  from  either  the  Sandia  mountains  or  the 
mesa.  It  illustrates  well  the  tendency  of  many  eastern 
species  to  creep  down  the  larger  valleys.  Taken  from 
meadows  below  Acoma  and  from  those  on  Mt.  Taylor. 

M.  differential  (Uhler)  Bruner. 

Microcentrum  laurifolium.  Very  common  on  Ampelopsis 
(Virginia  Creeper)  Orphuleila  galina,  Scudd.  The  most  com- 
mon locust  along  the  Rio  Jemez  in  Aug  1909. 

Schistocerca  albolineata,  Thomas. 

S.  shoshone,  Thomas.     Common  in  1907  especially. 

Spharagemon  sp. 

COLEOPTERA 

Agabus  disintegratus,  Cr. 

Amara  carinata,  Lee. 

Calosoma  scrutator,  Fab. 

Cicindela  f  ulgida,  Say. 

C.  lepida  Dej. 

C.  micans,  Fabr.     Collected  by  V.  E.  Shelf ord. 

C.  sperata. 

Cybister  explanatus,  Lee. 

Cyclocephala  immaculata,  Oliv.     Not  common. 

Coscinoptera  dominicana.  Fab. 

Diabrotica  12-punctata.  Common  everywhere  but  especi- 
ally abundant  on  corn  in  the  irrigated  fields. 

Diplotaxis  pacata,  Lee. 

Epilachna  corrupta,  Nels. 

Exochomus  hoegei.     Gorham. 

Hypodamia  parenthesis. 

Harpulus  pennsyvanicus,  Degeer. 

Microrhopala  vittata.  Very  destructive  to  leaves  on  the 
golden-rod. 

Polyphylla  hammondi,  Lee.  §  Espanola.  This  beetle  makes 


ZOOLOGY  105 

a  peculiar  and  loud  hissing  noise  by  expelling  air  from  under 
its  elytra  while  lying  on  its  back.  Albuquerque  also.  Strict- 
ly a  valley  species. 

Hoplocephalia  bicornis. 

Psyllobora  taedata. 

Pterostichum  sayi. 

Pyrota  mylabrina,  Cheor. 

*  Sphenophorus  sp.  ("Near  to  plicatus,  Say.")  Salt  mea- 
dows along  the  Rio  Jemez  beJow  Jemez  Pueblo. 

Chrysomela  exclamatoris,  Fab.  Very  common  on  Helian- 
tlius. 

Thermonectes  ornaticollis  var.  nigrofasciatus. 

Tropisterflus  limbalis,  Lee. 

Trox  scutellaris.     Abundant  here  and  on  the  mesa. 

ODONATA 

Dragon  flies  breed  here.  Some  of  the  larger  as  Libellula 
forensis  range  all  over  the  mesa,  often  being  found  five  or 
six  miles  from  any  possible  breeding  place.  The  damsel- 
flies  on  the  contrary  never  fly  far  from  home. 

HYMENOPTERA 

Agopostemon  melliventris.     Blossoms  of  Croton. 

Apis  mellifera,  L.  The  honey  bee  frequents  the  following 
blossoms  in  about  the  order  in  which  they  are  given.  Alfalfa, 
Chrysothamnus  bigelovi,  Dalea  scoparia,  Tamarix,  Black  Locust 
Fallugiah. 

In  late  Sept.  and  Oct.,  the  Bigelovia  seems  to  be  the  chief 
source  of  nectar  and  pollen  for  the  bees. 

Megachile  townsendiana. 

Halictodes   marginatus.     At  Hdianthus  annuus. 

Melissodes  humilior,  Gkll.  At  Solidago  canadensis  arizonica. 

M.  obliqua,  Say.     At  same  Golden-rod.    . 

Pterocheilus  lewesii,  Cress.  Taken  on  Jan.  8  from  under 
the  bark  of  a  dead  cottonwood  where  they  were  hibernating 
in  numbers. 

Stizus  godmani. 

HEMIPTERA 

Belostoma  (Zaitha)  fusciventris,  Dufour. 
Beunoa  albidus,  Champ. 
Kolla  (Tettigonia)  gothica,  Say. 
Kolla  (Tettigonia)  hieroglyphica. 


106  NATURAL    RESOURCES   SURVEY 

Kolla  (Tettigonia)  hieroglyphica  var.  uhleri,  Ball.  These 
last  three  insects  are  very  abundant  everywhere  in  the  valley 
from  Mar.  to  Oct.,  and  although  they  usuallyescape  notice, 
because  of  their  small  size  they  really  do  much  damage  to 
Alfalfa.  Var.  dolobrata  of  the  last  species  also  ascends  into 
the  Yellow  Pine  Assn. 

Murgantia  histronica.  The  Harlequin  Cabbage  Bug  is 
sometimes  very  abundant  on  Cleome  and  on  cabbage  sprouts 
that  early  in  the  spring  grow  up  from  stumps  left  in  the 
field.  It  does  not  seem  to  be  a  very  serious  pest  to  the 
cabbage  crop  as  in  some  localities  in  the  East,  possibly 
because  it  prefers  the  Cleome.  Occurs  also  on  Biqelovia. 

Nysius  senecionis,  Schill.     On  Solidago  especially. 

N.  ericae.  More  abundant  even  on  Senecio  than  the  last 
species. 

Strictocephala  festina,  Say.  On  alfalfa  where  it  occasionally 
does  some  damage,  causing  the  stems  to  turn  yellow  and  die. 
Also  occurs  with  the  next  species  on  Chrysothamnus  pul- 
cherrimus  in  the  Cedar  Assn. 

S.  gilletti. 

Anasa  tristis.  The  squash-bug  is  very  abundant  on  cul- 
tivated squashes.  Although  it  has  never  been  found  feeding 
on  any  wild  plants,  it  commonly  hibernates  under  yucca 
stems  miles  from  any  cultivated  fields,  showing  that  the 
adult  beetles  commonly  fly  at  least  two  miles. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 

*  Chorizagrotis  balantis,  Grote.  Not  listed  from  N.  M.  in 
Holland's  Moth  Book.  Another  Colorado  type  that  extends 
down  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande. 

Heliothis  armiger.  Exceedingly  abundant  especially  on 
sweet  corn.  Every  year  in  the  writer's  garden  for  the  four 
years  that  he  tried  to  raise  the  crop  it  was  infested  by  at  least 
one  of  these  "corn-ear  worms"  and  more  generally  harbored 
three  or  four. 

Pieris  rapae.  Common  in  the  valley  but  does  not  seem  to 
have  become  established  in  the  mountains. 

Here  only  one  occasionally  finds  a  toad  (Bufo  sp.)  and  frogs 
(Rana  virescens)  are  fairly  common. 


ZOOLOGY  107 

MUD   FLATS   OF   RIO   GRANDE. 
ORTHOPTERA. 

Dissosteiria  carolininiana.  Scudd.  This  "Road  Duster" 
which  in  the  East  is  to  be  found  in  the  driest  of  situations 
with  us  clings  very  closely  to  the  moist  valleys.  It  is  com- 
mon here  and  in  the  meadows  along  the  mountain  streams 
but  is  very  rare  on  the  mesa  and  scarcely  less  so  over  the 
Sandias  generally.  This  is  by  no  means  an  isolated  case  but 
on  the  other  hand  illustrates  a  general  tendency  of  eastern 
forms  that  occur  here.  Dr.  V.  E.  Shelford  noted  the  tendency 
among  tiger  beetles.  The  explanation  is  that  the  situations 
is  nearer  the  water  here  have  about  the  same  degre  of  humi- 
dity as  the  drier  places  in  the  more  moist  east. 

Tettix  Several  as  yet  undetermined  species  occur  here  in 
considerable  abundance. 

COLEOPTERA. 

Bembidium  corax,  Lee. 
B.  coxendix,  Say. 
B.  dolosus 
B.  incurvus 
B.  nubilosum 

B.  versicolor. 

§  Cicindela  hirticollis,  Say  This  one  breeds  nearer  the 
river  than  any  of  the  other  Tiger-beetles.  Its  larvae  are 
common  in  the  higher  parts  of  these  mud  banks. 

C.  repanda,  Dej.  comes  next.     Its  larvae  are  found  along 
the  banks  of  the  river  which  mark  the  limit  of  the  usual  high 
water,  the  burrows  of  the  preceeding  species  being    cov- 
ered at  these  times. 

Ha^tica  obliterata,  Horn.  Abundant  here  and  as  high  up 
as  Espanola,  especially  on  young  willows  which  it  frequently 
entirely  defoliates.  It  is  uncommon  on  Pallugia  in  the  valley 
but  has  never  been  collected  from  this  plant  either  on  the 
mesa  or  in  the  mountains. 

Tachys  sp.  This  bright  golden  colored  beetle  was  very 
abundant  along  the  Rio  Jemez  below  Jemez  Pueblo.  They 
were  found  along  the  water's  edge  buried  in  the  sand,  each 
handful  contained  from  several  to  a  dozen. 

Gelastocoris  oculata,  fab.    Here  and  along  most  mountain 


108  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

streams  of  any  size  in  the  Santa  Fe  region  and  on  Mt.  Taylor. 
It  seems  to  be  entirely  absent  from  the  Sandias  although 
there  are  many  streams  there  that  would  seem  to  be  entirely 
suited  to  its  needs. 

THE   COTTONWOOD    FORESTS 

These  are  so  open  that  they  are  invaded  by  the  grasses 
and  herbs  of  the  open  parts  of  the  valley  and  there  are  not  as 
many  species  hers  as  one  would  expect.  The  following 
are  however  characteristic: 

Hypantria  cunea,  Drury.  The  Fall  Web- worm  is  common 
here  as  along  the  city  streets  and  on  the  cottonwood  gener- 
ally. 

An  unknown  leaf-miner  does  a  great  deal  of  damage  to 
'these  trees.  In  many  cases  nearly  every  leaf  on  a  large  tree 
will  become  completely  riddled  by  Sep.  or  late  Aug. 

Cicindela  vulgaris,  Say.  Breeds  in  the  hard  ground  among 
the  cottonwoods. 

B  Dicerca  prolongata,  Lee. 

*  Proctocanthus  rufus,  Will.  Is  occasionally  found  on 
the  mesa  but  it  is  more  common  on  dunes  in  the  valley  cov- 
ered at  least  partly  by  the  cottonwoods. 

And  we  must  not  forget  the  mosquitoes  that,  when  the 
Rio  Grande  is  high,  breed  in  countless  multitudes  in  the 
ponds  along  the  valley. 

JUNCUS— PEPPERWEED  SOCIETY 

This  is  an  alkaline  meadow  society  and  the  forms  found 
here  are  pretty  well  distributed  over  the  valley  generally. 
The  following  orthoptera  are  however  characteristic. 

Camnula  pelluoida  One  was  collected  from  high  up  on  Old 
Baldy  of  the  Jemez  It  is  more  common  along  the  Jemez 
River  than  at  any  other  place  in  our  region,  from  whence  it 
descends  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  to  Albuquerque.  It  was 
not  collected  at  all  from  either  the  mesa  or  the  Sandia  Mts.  al- 
though it  would  seem  that  the  grassy  banks  about  Whitcomb 
Springs,  and  the  stream  in  Hell  Canon  would  be  entirely  suited 
to  them.  Adams  in  the  Isle  Royale  report  states  that  there  it 
occurs  "On  dry  upland  soil"  This  illustrates  again  the  same 
principle  mentioned  under  Dissosteria  caroliniana. 

Melanoplus  atlantis.  The  Lesser  Migratory  Locust  occurs 
occasionally  in  the  more  moist  situations  on  the  mesa  and 


ZOOLOGY  109 

mountains.  It  is  one  of  the  most  common  valley  forms  and 
does  more  damage  in  alfalfa  than  any  other. 

M.  femur-rubrum.  Also  common  here  and  occasional  in 
the  Mts.  It  has  not  been  collected  from  the  mesa.  It  would 
seem  to  be  a  little  more  mesophytic  in  its  requirements  than 
the  last  species. 

Orphulella  pelidua,  Burn, 

Mermiria  bivetattus.  Occurs  on  Aster  spinosus  which  covers 
low  sand  dunes  in  the  valley.  It  is  entremely  long  and  narrow, 
which  in  connection  with  its  color  renders  it  as  inconspicuous 
on  its  leafless  foodplant  as  the  walking-stick  (to  which  it  has 
a  general  resemblance)  on  Dalea. 

Helochara  communis,  Fab  Common  here  and  occurs  up 
into  the  pinion  and  Yellow  Pine  Assns.  On  Chrysothamnus 
pucheyrimus  in  the  Sandia  Mts.  at  Santa  Pe  and  Taos  and  on 
Eudbeckia  and  Solidago  in  Jemez  Mts. 

Culex  pipiens.  Mosquitoes  breed  in  countless  millions  in 
the  ponds  that  form  in  the  valley  whenever  the  Rio  Grande 
is  high.  This  usually  occurs  in  May  and  June  and  some 
when  the  snows  are  melting  in  the  Colorado  mountains  and 
sometimes  in  late  summer  at  the  close  of  the  rainy  season. 

There  has  been  a  good  deal  of  discussion  over  the  very 
practical  question  as  to  how  far  mosquitoes  will  fly.  This  is 
a  very  favorable  place  in  which  to  study  this  problem  as 
there  are  no  places  away  from  the  Valley  where  mosquitoes 
can  possibly  breed.  There  is  absolutely  no  possibility  of 
their  breeding  on  the  mesa.  There  are  almost  no  inhabitants 
there  and  no  cisterns  at  all.  There  is  no  chance  of  their 
breeding  in  tin  cans.  Although  the  mesa  is  the  common 
dumping-ground  of  the  latter,  in  this  dry  atmosphere  a  can 
even  if  it  were  full  would  lose  all  of  its  water  through  evapora- 
tion long  before  a  week  was  up.  So  we  are  perfectly  safe  in 
saying  that  all  mosquitoes  seen  on  the  Mesa  have  come  from 
the  valley.  In  our  worst  places  the  writer  has  found  them 
quite  numerous  about  half  of  the  distance  across  the  mesa, 
tive  miles  from  any  possible  breeding  place.  An  acre  of 
ground  here  would  perhaps  shelter  about  one  percent  of  the 
number  that  an  acre  next  to  the  river  would.  Beyond  this 
there  were  a  few  only.  As  to  the  wind  as  a  factor;  this  was 
carefully  noted  during  one  of  our  worst  plagues.  There  is 


110  NATURAL  RESOURCES  SURVEY 

nearly  always  considerable  of  a  breeze  on  this  mesa,  but 
during  this  time  (late  Aug.  and  Sept.)  there  had  been  no 
violent  winds.  Indeed  a  violent  wind  does  not  seem  to  spread 
them  as  far  as  a  gentle  breeze,  as  in  the  former  case  they 
seek  shelter  low  down  among  the  herbage  and  do  not  venture 
forth  at  all.  With  a  gentle  brisk  wind  blowing  one  can  walk 
at  such  times  in  comparative  peace  across  the  mesa,  while  on 
a  more  quiet  day  each  step  disturbs  from  a  score  to  fifty  or 
more  pests. 

The  city  of  Albuquerque  should  by  all  means  take  the 
trouble  to  treat  their  breeding  places  with  oil.  The  present 
neglect  is  a  sad  reproach  to  this  hustling  and  otherwise  up- 
to-date  city. 

Sarcophaga  and  Calliphora,  the  blue-bottle  or  flesh-fly  and 
the  blow-fly  are  also  too  abundant  here.  This  arises  from 
the  habit  universal  in  the  Southwest  of  dumping  dead 
animals  out  on  the  mesa  instead  of  burying  them,  a  practice 
that  should  be  stopped. 

SPECIES    OF    VERY    WIDE    DISTRIBUTION  AND 

NOT  CHARACTERISTIC  OF  ANY  PARTICULAR 

FORMATION 

*  Chrysochus  auratus,  Fab.  Collected  from  North  Sandia 
Mt.  at  an  altitude  between  ten  and  eleven  thousand  feet  and 
also  at  Belen  at  an  altitude  of  less  than  five  thousand  feet. 
On  Apocynnm  at  the  latter  place. 

Euphoria  inda,  L.  From  the  valley  at  Albuquerque  to  the 
Yellow  Pine  Assn.,  and  doubtless  higher.  The  adults  are 
particularly  fond  of  the  blossoms  of  the  thistle. 

Hippodamia  convergens,  Guer.  Abundant  everywhere 
from  the  top  of  the  highest  mountains  to  the  lowest  parts  of 
the  Territory.  In  the  vicinity  of  Albuquerque  it  is. the  only 
common  lady-beetle,  there  being  at  least  one  hundred  of 
these  to  one  of  all  other  species  combined  and  the  proportion 
is  scarcely  less  in  the  mountains.  The  markings  and  size  of 
this  beetle  are  extremely  variable  but  the  writer  was  able  to 
detect  no  correlation  between  the  different  degrees  of 
development  of  the  markings  and  the  habitat. 

Monoxia  consputa  Lee.  From  the  top  of  the  Sandia  Mts. 
from  beside  a  snowbank  on  Oct  30  to  the  lowest  parts  of  the 


ZOOLOGY  111 

valley  on  a  July  day.     Abundant  everywhere,  and  on  a  great 
variety  of  plants. 

§  Mordella  scutellaris,  Fabr. 

HYMENOPTERA 

Apostemon  splendens.  Prom  the  "Hudsonian  Zone"  of 
North  Sandia  Mt.  where  it  was  found  nesting,  to  the  valley  of 
the  Rio  Grande.  Taken  at  Phacelia  corruga,  Biscutella  wisliz- 
eni,  Fallugia,  Malvastricum.  Philadelp/ticus,  Opuntia  arborescens 
at  Wagon  Mound  and  Silver  City.  From  April  19  to  Sep.  9. 

Polistes  variatus,  Cress.  From  Ells'  Ranch  in  Spruce  for- 
est at  8,000  ft.  on  North  Sandia  Mt.  to  Valley  of  Rio  Grande. 
Nesting  in  all  situations  between. 

Tremex  Columbia.  Equally  abundant  in  the  Cottonwoods 
of  the  valley  and  the  Douglas  Spruce  of  the  Mts. 

HEM1PTERA 

Adelphocosis  superbus.  From  the  Yellow  Pine  Assn.  to  the 
valley,  Silver  City,  Taos,  Jemez  Mts.  On  Rudbeckia,  Cleome, 
Croton,  Rayless  Goldenrod,  Chrsothamnus,  Fallugia,  alfalfa. 

Agalia  gilletei,  Osb  &  Ball.  Mesa  and  Mts.  to  Spruce  Assn. 
Abundant  under  Yucca  rosettes  in  winter.  (A.  sannuilenta, 
Prov.  We  collected  from  the  Estancia  Valley.) 

Euchistus  impictiventris.     Yellow  Pine  Assn.  to  valley. 

Gerris  remiges,  Say.  On  all  suitable  ponds  and  streams  in 
both  valley  and  mountains. 

Harmostes  reflexulus  var.  virescens,  Dall.  From  the  oak 
chaparral  to  the  mesa.  All  in  Sept. 

Largus  succinctus. 

Lygus  pratensis,  L.  Abundant  everywhere  and  especially 
so  in  the  Valley,  where  in  summer  one  can  scarcely  find  a 
plant  without  it. 

Nysius  ericae  (Schill)  Horv.  Nearly  as  common  as  the  last 
species. 

LEPIDOPTERA 

Basilarchia. 

Colias  eury  theme,  Boisduval.  Common  in  the  mountains  and 
in  the  valley  wherever  there  is  damp  soil,  but  entirely  absent 
from  the  mesa.  Not  as  abundant  anywhere  as  in  the  east- 
ern states. 

Nathalis  iole.  The  Dwarf  Yellow  extends  from  9,000  ft.  in 
the  Sandia  Mts.  to  the  valley  at  less  than  5,000. 


112  NATURAL  RESOURCES  SURVEY 

Pieris  protodice.     From  the  valley  to  the  Spruce  Ass'n. 
P.  napi  is  less  common   but  has  about  the  same  distribu- 
tion. 
Pyrameis  cardui.     See  remarks  under  Hudsonian  Zone. 

TERMITES 

Termes  sp.     Are  quite  common  throughout  the  Sonoran. 

Chrysophus  sp.  The  "Golden-eyed  Lace-wings"  are  com- 
mon over  the  entire  region.  They  have  been  found  hiber- 
nating under  the  bark  of  a  dead  pinon. 

SUMMARY    AND  CONCLUSIONS. 

The  plant  associations  are  here  well  denned  and  they  form 
the  best  basis  for  a  nomenclature  of  the  animal  habitats  be- 
cause they  are  the  result  of  definite  complexes  of  physiogra- 
phic and  climatic  factors  and  are  readily  and  quickly  re- 
cognizable. 

The  distribution  of  animal  associations  corresponds  with 
that  of  the  plant  associations  and  is  just  as  sharp  and  de- 
finite, but  requires  much  closer  study,  owing  to  the  migra- 
tory habits  and  small  size  of  many,  particularly  at  certain 
seasons.  The  distribution  between  mountains,  steppe,  and 
valleys  is  particularly  sharp. 

Nearly  all  of  the  plants  and  animals  of  the  mountains  are 
identical  with,  or  are  closely  related,  to  those  of  the  more 
eastern  and  northern  states.  Because  of  this  we  Would  ex- 
pect cultivated  crops  which  are  a  success  thereto  thrive  also 
in  our  mountains. 

The  relationships  of  the  steppe  species,  on  the  contrary, 
are  distinctly  with  the  arid  southwest. 

The  valley  forms  are  a  mixture  of  the  two  faunas.  Among 
both  plants  and  animals  many  species  or  closely  related 
species  are  common  to  both  mountains  and  valleys  wrhile  ab- 
sent from  the  steppe  or  mesa.  This  and  other  facts  point  to 
moisture  as  being  the  most  important  single  factor  in  deter- 
mining local  distribution.  Practically,  this  means  that 
many  if  not  most  northern  crops  should  be  successfully 
grown  in  the  valley  and  even  on  the  mesa  if  moisture  can  be 
supplied  as  by  irrigation. 

The  insects  particularly  of  the  Sandias  are  as  a  whole  dis- 
tinctly those  of  the  more  humid  east  and  north  in  families  as 
well  as  species.  Crickets  abound,  of  beetles  the  families 


ZOOLOGY  113 

Carabidae,  Lucanidae,  and  Cerambycidae  are  well  repre- 
sented. Lepidoptera  of  eastern  genera  and  often  species 
are  abundant.  Among  Diptera,  Tabanidae,  Tipulidae  (Crane 
Flies),  Simulidae,  the  largest  Bombylidae,  and  Syrphidae  are 
conspicuous.  The  birds  are  mostly  eastern  but  the  lizards 
are  characteristic.  Among  Arachnida  are  Pseudoscorpions, 
Phalangidae  or  Daddy  Long  Legs. 

The  steppe  or  mesa  is  rich  in  Orthoptera  of  the  subfamily 
Oedipodinae;  crickets  are  absent.  Among  beetles  the  family 
Tenebrionidae  are  predominant  with  Meloidae  well  repre- 
sented. Lucanidae,  Cerambycidae  and  Carabidae  are  almost 
entirely  absent.  (One  lone  specimen  only  of  Lucanidae  did  I 
ever  find  on  the  mesa).  Larger  Lepidoptera  are  scarce. 
Geomtridae  and  Tinedae  are  more  common.  Among  Dip- 
tera Asilidae  are  abundant  as  are  Mutilidae  among  Hymenop- 
tera.  The  Arachnida  are  represented  by  digging  types, 
Solpugida,  Thelyphonidae,  (more  common  further  south  in 
the  territory),  Lycosa,  and  Scorpionida.  Harvest-men  are 
entirely  absent. 

In  the  Valleys  Carabidae  and  crickets  again  appear  and  a 
few  Tabanidea  but  no  Simulionidae. 

THE   FAUNA   OF   THE  ISOLATED   MOUNTAIN   RANGES. 

The  study  of  the  fauna  of  the  Sandias  brings  out  some  in- 
teresting things.  These  with  the  Manzanos  and  Ortiz  ranges 
from  an  isolated  mountain  group  surounded  on  all  sides  by 
the  steppe  association  except  that  they  are  poorly  united  on 
the  north-east  by  a  band  of  poorly  developed  and  impover- 
ished Cedar  Association  with  the  Santa  Fes.  The  Jemez 
Range  on  the  contrary  is  connected  with  the  Colorado  Moun- 
tains by  high  plateaux  and  ranges  and  the  same  is  true  of 
the  Santa  Fes.  We  would  hope  then  to  find  many  species 
represented  in  the  latter  which  are  absent  from  the  Sandias, 
and  the  preceeding  pages  show  many  of  which  the  following 
may  be  cited: 

Among  plants  are  alders,  Uudbeckias,  common  dock, 
Hierachium,  tall  Malvas,  and  sedges,  timothy  (Phleum  al- 
pinum)  a  clover,  Red-top  grass,  Prunella  and  Hypericum. 

INSECTS. 

Pachycerina  dolorosa. 

Stenopa  vulnerata.     Exceedingly  abundant. 


'Biotic  Succession  on  Mt.  Taylor."    The  dead  trees  in  the  middle  are  Alligator 
Juniper.    They  were  pioneers  on  this  Mt.  side  but  the  Yellow  Pine  grew 
up  around  them,  shaded  and  killed  them.    The  plant  in  the  fore- 
ground to  the  right  is  the  Yucca  Glanca. 


ZOOLOGY  115 

Tentanocera  plumosa. 

Pentaria  fuscula. 

Psammoshares  atrox 

Clasteppera  obtusa. 

Cytolobus  vau. 

Iphthimus  serratus. 

Trirhabda  2  sp. 

Bombus  hunterii. 

Carpotrichia  culta. 

Odontomyia  nigrostris. 

Doubtless  some  of  the  above  forms  may  yet  be  found  to  be 
present  in  the  Sandias,  yet  the  Yellow  Pine  Assn.  from 
which  the  above  came  has  been  pretty  carefully  studied  in 
the  Sandias. . 

On  the  other  hand  we  would  expect  the  Sandias  to  exhibit 
some  peculiar  types  and  two  varieties  are  here  listed. 
Cincindela  longilabris  var. 

Melisodes  atrifera  sandiarum,  Ckll.  There  are  several 
others  in  my  collection  that  may  also  prove  to  be  distinct 
varieties. 

The  Sandias  are  connected  with  the  Manzanos  by  the  Man- 
zanetto  or  Coyote  Hills  on  which  occur  the  Cedar,  Pinon  and 
Yellow  Pine  Assns.  However  Tijeras  Canon  interrupts  all 
of  these  except  the  Cedar  Assn.  We  might  expect  then  to 
find  a  few  on  the  one  range  absent  from  the  other.  The 
alligator  juniper  is  a  striking  f  ullfilment  of  our  expectations. 
It  is  common  in  the  Manzanos  but  seems  to  be  entirely  ab- 
sent from  the  Sandia. 

The  following  we  have  collected  from  the  Manzanos  but 
not  from  the  Sandia: 

Anelastes  drurii. 

Collops  hirtellus. 

Pseud allonyx  sp. 

Salinis  omogera. 

Silvanus  planatus. 

Anthocomus  ventralis. 

There  are  probably  species  present  on  the  Sandias  that 
are  absent  from  the  Manzanos  but  the  writer  has  done  too 
little  collecting  on  the  latter  to  be  able  to  say  with  any  degree 
of  certainty  that  any  species  is  absent  therefrom.  Here  is 


116  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

an  open  field  for  some  biologist  of  the  university,  for,  as  far 
as  I  know,  the  Manzanos  have  not  been  visited  by  any  en- 
tomologist. 

SAN    MATED  RANGE 

This  range  of  which  Mt.  Taylor  is  the  culmination  is  also 
isolated  but  connected  apparently  with  the  Jemez  (Nacimien- 
tos)  by  the  Pinon  Assn.  via.  Cabezon  and  with  more  south- 
ern ranges  by  means  of  the  Cedar  Assn. 

Here  occur  a  few  species  present  in  the  Jemez  but  absent 
from  the  Sandias.  Salpa,  the  alder,v  and  Rudbeckia  are 
examples. 

The  presence  here  again  of  the  Alligator  Juniper,  on  a 
Range  directly  west  of  the  Sandias  is  interesting  in  connec- 
tion with  the  more  southern  ranges. 

Around  the  base  of  this  mountain  are  two  species  of  Meloe 
which  do  not  occur  in  similar  associations  about  Albu- 
querque. One  is  apparently  the  same  species  figured  in 
Kellog's  "American  Insects"  Plate  II.  One  or  two  beetles 
also  suggest  that  some  insects  of  California  and  Arizona 
relationships  reach  their  most  eastern  points  here. 

A  few  species  creep  down  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  from  the 
north  that  are  absent  from  the  Sandia  Mts.,  although  pre- 
sent at  Albuquerque.  We  note: 

Ceresa  albidosparsa. 

Gelastocoris  oculata. 

Camula  pellucida? 

Diplotaxis  punctata. 

Megilla  vittigera. 

Contrasting  markedly  with  these  cases  of  isolated  habitats 
from  which  apparently  suitable  animals  are  absent,  presum- 
ably have  not  been  able  to  get  there;  is  the  distribution  of 
the  Lubberly  Locust,  Brachystola  magna,  which  invariably 
occupies  all  of  those  shallow  basin-like  depressions  in  the 
mesa  where  alone  it  is  found,  although  they  are  in  some 
cases  tens  of  miles  apart.  This  is  the  more  remarkable  in 
that  this  locust  is  entirely  incapable  of  flight. 

Another  interesting  case  is  that  of  the  Wild  Poppy.  It  is 
common  in  the  Cedar  Ass'n.,  about  Silver  City  and  again  at 
Taos  and  Wagon  Mound  but  it  is  absent  from  the  same  asso- 
ciation in  the  Sandias  and  about  Mt.  Taylor.  The  peculiar 


ZOOLOGY  117 

distribution  of  this  plant  would  suggest  that  in  these  north- 
ern situations  at  least  it  might  be  an  introduced  species. 

Prof.  J.  R.  WATSON, 
Florida  Experiment  Station, 
Formerly  Prof,  of  Biology, 

Univ.  of  New  Mexico. 


A  GEOLOGICAL    RECONNAISSANCE    OF    BERNA- 

LILLO,  VALENCIA  AND  McKINLEY  COUNTIES 

DIVISION  OF  GEOLOGY,  J.  A.  PYNCH,  CHIEF 


INTRODUCTORY 

New  Mexico  is  not  built  after  the  plan  of  the  states  of  the 
Mississippi  valley,  for  nature  has  used  here  a  unique  type  of 
architecture.  The  straight  skylines  and  the  acute  angles 
of  every  back-ground  are  architectural  effects  common  and 
peculiarly  New  Mexican. 

In  the  Geological  ages  of  the  past  there  was  one  Era  during 
which  this  part  ot  our  continent  saw  its  greatest  growth.  It 
is  known  a  as  the  Mesozoic  Era.  Following  this  came  the 
Cenozoic,  in  which  nature,  with  broad  swoops  and  splashes, 
put  the  finishing  touches,  on  a  broad  scale,  to  the  present 
landscape.  The  first  part  of  this  latter  era  is  known  as  the 
Tertiary  period.  During  this  time  Mt.  Taylor,  the  Colorado 
Canyons,  the  vast  lava  flows,  the  ennumerable  slips  and 
faults  had  their  day,  and  so  grand  was  their  effect  upon  the 
surface  features  of  this  locality  that  the  landscape  is  still 
predominated  by  volcanic  cones,  lava  flows,  and  fault  scarps. 

New  Mexico  is  a  part  of  a  great  uplifted  earth  block.  As 
the  Grand  Canyon  of  the  Colorado  is  due  to  this  uplift  by  the 
subsequent  incisement  of  the  Colorado  River,  so  are  the 
lesser  canyons  and  the  many  valleys  which  flute  the  length 
of  the  state  due  likewise  to  the  upward  movement  which 
proceeded,  accompanied,  and  also  succeeded  the  volcanic 
activity,  which,  as  Geologically  reckoned,  has  so  recently 
ended  here. 

It  has  been  stated  that  the  major  valleys  run  lengthwise  of 
the  state,  governed  probably  by  two  main  causes — in  one 
case  by  a  roughly  parallel,  north  and  south  system  of  fault- 
ing, and,  in  the  other  case  by  a  natural  slope  southward — due 
to  the  fact  that  the  highest  part  of  the  uplift  occured  in  the 
northern  part  and  diminished  toward  the  south.  The  Rio 
Grande  holds  the  title,  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  (Great  River  of 
t  he  North)  thus  conveying  by  its  name  not  only  the  idea  of 


120  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

width  but  also  of  length  however  its  channel  winds  to  the 
southward  under  an  ever  increasing  heat  much  of  its  way 
through  a  valley  cut  in  loose  sands,  and  through  flood  plains, 
at  times  a  half  score  miles  in  width  where  numerous  "ace- 
quias"  rob  the  river  of  its  water  for  the  plotted  ranches  which 
border  its  banks  on  either  side.  The  loose  character  of  the 
materials  over  which  it  flows,  evaporation,  and  irrigation  are 
causes  which  naturally  combine  at  the  critical  season  of  the 
year,  when  rainfull  is  scant  to  cause  the  river  to  diminish 
greatly  in  volume  or  to  cease  flowing  entirely.  At  other  times 
when  such  as  the  Galisteo,  Puerco  and  other  important  tribu- 
taries function  as  great  eave-trougs  to  the  roof-like  drainage  of 
the  mountains,  deluged  by  cloud-bursts,  the  containing  dykes 
breaks,  the  big  acequias  are  gorged  and  overflow  and  havoc 
is  rampant  among  the  small  fruit  farms  along  the  flood  p  lains 

THE  RIO  GRANDE   VALLEY 

The  Rio  Grande  Valley  is  the  central  feature  of  this  part 
of  the  center  of  the  state.  The  most  densely  populated  *  *  *  * 
locality  is  along  the  flood-plains  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  about 
one  half  of  the  way  down  its  couse  is  situated  the  metropolis 
of  the  state — Albuquerque.  On  either  side  the  River  is 
flanked  by  broad,  gently  sloping  clinoplains,  a  term  coined 
by  Herrick  for  the  incorrectly  called  ''Mesas."  These  plains 
are  of  considerable  importance  for  grazing  but  on  account  of 
their  general  inaccessibly  for  irrigation,  and  the  loose  in- 
coherent character  of  their  soils,  they  are  destined  *  *  *  * 
ever  to  be  of  very  little  importance  agriculturally.  Little 
use  is  made  of  these  mesas  or  clinoplains  at  present,  as  has 
been  stated,  except  for  local  pasturage  by  ranchers,  in  whicn 
fenced  pastures  are  often  resorted  to.  Occasionally  large 
herds  of  sheep  in  their  characteristic  "take  a  bite  and  run" 
style,  pass  across  them  leaving  nothing  in  their  wake  but  the 
prickly  pear,  ******  pin-cushion  cactus  and  the 
bedraggled  gutierrezia.  The  surface  of  these  plains  is  even 
as  far  as  the  eye  can  see,  rising  to  elevations  of  one  thousand 
feet  or  more  above  the  river  only,  at  their  greatest  distance 
on  either  side,  broken  only  now  and  then  by  deeply  washed 
arroyos  wThose  incisement  in  these  plains  is  not  a  marked 
feature  topographically. 


GEOLOGY  121 

THE   PUERCO  VALLEY. 

To  the  west,  separated  from  the  Rio  Grande  by  a  low  divide 
not  more  than  twenty  five  miles  wide,  is  the  Puerco  River 
Valley,  a  broad,  open,  gently  sloping  stretch  of  country  a  score 
and  a  half  miles  in  width.  This  valley  is  now  occupied  by  a 
diminutive  stream,  shrunken  from  a  once  much  larger  size, 
by  tiltings  and  warpings  of  the  earth's  crust  which  involved 
the  slopes  of  its  head  drainage  and  diverted  it  westward. 
Numerous  water  gaps  and  remnants  of  former  valleys,  to 
the  west  of  the  present  Puerco  Valley,  outline  in  part  the 
work  of  the  Puerco  and  some  of  its  tributaries  before  fortune 
worked  adversely  to  the  river.  There  are  many  strong  evi- 
dences that  the  Puerco  may  have  been  crowded  esatward  by 
the  stupendous  out-pouring  of  lava  from  Mt.  Taylor  toward 
the  north  and  east.  However,  running  water,  and  plenty  of 
it,  must  be  accountable  for  the  broad  Puerco  valley  of  today. 
Between  the  river  and  the  divide  to  the  east,  much  and  in- 
tense block  faulting  has  occured.  Many  of  the  blocks  are 
inclined  at  angles  of  45  degrees  or  more  and  are  conspicuous 
features  in  this  locality.  On  the  west  side  of  the  river  there 
is  comparatively  little  faulting,  but  erosion,  caused  by  the 
run-off  of  the  higher  plains  to  the  west,  has  made  the  country 
considerably  rougher.  Still  further  west  erosion  has  cut 
the,  now  high  plateau,  into  numerous  Mesas  and  denuded 
many  volcanic  necks,  which  characterize  this  section  of  the 
country.  Along  the  upper  portion  of  the  Puerco,  the  valley 
widens  considerably  as  the  river  bends  westward  to  skirt 
the  Nacimiento  Mountains  which  limit  the  western  exten- 
sion of  the  Jemez  Plateau,  but  continues  northward  again  until 
it  finds  its  source  in  the  southern  portion  of  Rio  Arriba 
County. 

THE   ESTANCIA    VALLEY 

Beyond  the  clinoplains  which,  as  has  been  stated,  lie  east 
of  the  Rio  Grande  River,  the  Sandias  and  Manzanos — true 
granite  cored,  Rocky  Mountain  types  of  mountains — rise  six 
thousand  feet  or  more  above  the  river,  capped  with  Carboni- 
ferous limestone,  which  dips  at  comparatively  low  angles  to 
the  east  beneath  Estancia  Valley;  but,  from  the  west,  due  to 
a  huge  fault  scarp  these  mountains  present  an  almost  per- 


GEOLOGY  123 

pendicular  front  though  ribbed  by  canons  of  steep  gradient. 
The  Estancia  valley,  a  structural  valley  at  first,  now  well 
filled  with  alluvial  wash  from  all  sides,  offers  exceptionally 
well  fitted  land  for  agricultural  purposes,  if  the  underground 
water  supply  is  sufficiently  near  the  surface  and  of  such 
quantity  as  to  warrant  the  sinking  of  wells  for  irrigation 
purposes.  The  area  which  drains  into  this  valley  is  exten- 
sive and  the  stucture  of  the  valley  is  such  as  has  been  stated 
to  make  it  a  promising  underground  reservoir.  The  question 
of  pumping  the  water  from  an  economic  and  practical  stand- 
point, is  one,  which  as  yet,  has  not  been  satisfactorily  an- 
swered. The  alternative  of  "dry  farming"  has  been  tried 
but  with  varying  degrees  of  success. 


"Cabezon"    A  volcanic  plug  of  the  Puerco  Valley." 

In  the  Geological  ages  of  the  past  the  Estancia  Valley 
figured  conspicuously  as  a  lake  area,  its  salt  lakes  of  today 
being  remnants  of  a  once  much  larger  one.  Old  shore  lines 
still  exist  which  mark  the  different  levels  at  which  the  waters 
once  stood,  concentric  series  of  beaches  outline  the  extent  of 
these  lakes  at  various  intervals.  The  largest  one  covered 
the  greater  part  of  the  valley  and  was  several  hundreds  feet 
deep  at  the  time  of  its  maxim  an  extent:  Its  old  cliffs  near 
Chililli  are  more  than  one  hundred  feet  in  height.  So  well 
preserved  are  its  shore  features  that  one  can  imagine  the 


124  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

roar  of  the  storm  waves  as  they  rolled  and  beat  against  the 
cliffs  which  contained  this  inland  sea  of  the  past. 

To  the  east  and  south  of  the  Estancia  lies  the  Pecos  valley, 
similar  in  some  ways  to  the  Estancia  but  the  most  developed 
of  any  valley  area  of  the  state,  It  is  the  greatest  fruit  sec- 
tion of  New  Mexico  and  its  possibilities  have  in  no  way  been 
exhausted.  A  very  elaborate  irrigation  system  has  been 
worked  out  and  applied  in  this  valley  and  the  development  of 
this  section  of  the  state  has  been  most  phenomenal.  The 
place  the  Pecos  Valley  now  holds  in  New  Mexico's  fruit  pro- 
ducing areas  is  one  which  may  be  duplicated  many  times  when 
other  similar  valley  areas  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state 
experience  like  development.  It  is  proper  to  consider  these 
parts  of  the  state  as  the  coming  fruit  country  of  the  south- 
west. 


CONTINENTAL  DIVIDE 

ELEVATION  7548  EEET 


"The  Backbone  of  North  America." 
THE    CONTINENTAL    DIVIDE 

If  we  recross  in  part  the  area  just  sketched  to  the  fault 
scarp  of  the  Sandia  and  Manzano  Mountains,  we  must  then 
begin  the  long  climb  of  about  one  hundred  and  forty  miles  to 
the  crest  of  the  Continental  Divide. 

This  upwarp  of  the  earth's  crust  is  two  hundred  miles  or 
more  broad  at  its  base  and  measures  from  base  to  crest 


GEOLOGY  125 

about  two  thousand  feet  higher  than  the  surrounding  coun- 
try. The  Divide  is  not  one  long  symmetrical  roll  but  is  ser- 
pentine in  outline  and  domed  near  its  central  part,  the  dome 
roughly  marked  by  the  Zuni  Plateau.  To  the  north  the 
folded  strata  which  make  up  the  Divide  gradually  become 
less  and  less  inclined  until  the  crest  looses  its  characteristics 
of  a  fold  in  the  plateau-like  portion  of  the  northern  part  of  the 
state. 

The  Divide  is  composed  entirely  of  sedimentary  rock  ex- 
cept where  lava  outflows  have  spread  over  its  eastern  flanks. 
Jura-Trias  sandstone  is  the  lowest  exposed  rock  along  the 
northern  side  of  the  San  Jose  Valley  from  Bluewater  Station 
westward  over  the  Divide.  The  Cretaceous  strata  above  are 
of  wide  spread  exposure,  the  Laramie  coal  measures  out- 
cropping in  Satan  and  San  Anton  Passes  and  at  numerous 
other  places,  especially,  throughout  the  first  score  of  miles 
along  the  western  side. 


"A  high  point  on  the  Continental  Divide." 

An  easy  pass  over  the  Divide  is  afforded  by  the  San  Jose 
River  whose  valley  heads  up  into  the  Divide  from  the  east, 
west  of  Mt.  Taylor.  The  San  Jose  valley,  as  has  been  noted 
above,  opens  up  a  large  valley  in  Jurassic  and  Cretaceous 
strata,  to  the  north  of  the  Zuni  Plateau.  The  Jurassic  strata 
disappears  beneath  the  Cretaceous  some  twenty-five  miles 


GEOLOGY 


127 


or  more  east  of  the  divide,  since  the  San  Jose  River  flows  with 
the  dip.  But  at  about  the  point  of  the  disappearance  of  the 
Jurassic,  the  volcanoes  and  their  accompanying  lava  flows 
spread  over  and  till  in  part  the  valley,  the  earlier  flows  from 
Mt.  Taylor  reaching  some  distance  east  of  Laguna.  A  short 


'An  earthquake  crack,  Bluewater  Valley.' 


"A  recent  lava  flow  in  the  San  Jose  Valley." 

distance  west  of  Bluewater  Station  partially  filled  earthquake 
cracks  are  common  and  some  very  well  preserved  volcanic 
cones  are  situated  along  the  northern  side  of  the  valley. 


128  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

Between  McCarty's  and  Grant's  Stations,  there  is  a  very 
recent  lava  flow  which  apparently  came  from  the  high  Mesa 
country  to  the  southwest.  So  recent  is  this  flow  that  there 
is  scarcely  any  evidence  of  weathering  whatever  over  its 
wrinkled,  twisted  and  frothy  surface. 

The  San  Jose  occupies  a  valley  far  out  of  proportion  to  the 
size  of  the  river,  which,  coupled  with  the  fact  that  the  pass 
on  the  Divide  is  a  very  low,  wide  saddle,  about  the  same 
width  as  the  valley  far  to  the  eastward,  seems  to  substan- 
tiate the  theory  that  the  San  Jose  once  had  a  much  larger 
drainage  area  along  its  headwaters,  which,  have  been  divert- 
ed westward  as,  in  the  case  of  the  Puerco,  by  the  subsequent 
uplift  of  the  Divide,  and  the  present  pass  is  nothing  less  than 
an  old  water  gap,  now  a  wind  gap,  due  to  the  inability  of  the 
San  Jose  to  keep  downward  erosion  equal  to  the  upwarp. 
The  largest  tributary  of  the  San  Jose  is  Bluewater  Cree^k,  a 


"Mouth  of  Bluewater  Canon." 

small  mountain  stream  which  drains  a  large  portion  of  the 
Divide  south  of  the  headwaters  of  the  San  Jose.  This  creek 
at  times  becomes  a  raging  river  of  no  mean  dimensions  or 
importance  when  heavy  rainfall  occurs  along  the  roof -like 
eastern  slopes  of  the  Divide.  Bluewater  Creek  flows  through 
a  box  canyon  before  it  reaches  the  lower  valley.  For  a  dozen 
miles  or  more  this  canyon  arises  in  perpendicular  walls,  at 


GEOLOGY  129 

times  fifteen  hundred  feet  above  the  channel.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  picturesque  places  of  its  kind  along  the  Divide. 
At  the  head  of  this  canyon  is  a  natural  amphitheatre  which 
offers  exceptional  opportunities  for  the  construction  of  a  dam 
and  the  use  of  this  natural  basin  as  an  irrigation  reservoir. 

Several  attempts  have  been  made  to  construct  cheap  earth 
dams  at  this ]place  which  of  course  are  not  invisible  to  the 
mighty  strain  placed  upon  them  by  the  enormous  head  of 
water  which  gathers  at  times  of  cloud  burts  along  this  part 
of  the  Divide.  There  is  no  provision  made  at  present  for 
conserving  the  waters  of  the  creek  for  the  large,  fertile,  and 
well  deserving  Bluewater  Valley  to  the  east  of  the  canyon. 
If  this  project  was  properly  financed  it  would  supply  an 
abundance  of  water  to  the  large  agricultural  tract  down  the 
Bluewater,  San  Mateo,  and  San  Jose  Valleys. 

THE   BLUEWATER  VALLEY 

The  Bluewater  Valley,  together  with  the  San  Mateo  valley 
which  joins  the  San  Jose  at  about  the  same  place,  make  up 
about  twenty  one  thousand  acres  of  the  richest  and  most 
valuable  land  in  west  central  New  Mexico.  As  both  of  these 
valleys  are  in  close  proximity  to  the  Mt.  Taylor  and  ZufLi 
Plateau  volcanic  areas,  and  since  volcanoes  of  lesser  magni- 
tude than  either  of  the  above  named,  are  situated  west  of  the 
town  of  Bluewater,  the  Bluewater  valley  is  said  to  be  under- 
lain with  eighty  feet  of  lava  from  the  flows  of  different  ages- 
from  the  above  sources.  The  two  latest  flows  being  well 
shown  just  west  of  McCartys.  This  lava  outcrops  in  places 
all  along  the  valley  but  the  outcrops  are  small  in  area.  There 
are  about  seventy-five  families  at  present  in  this  locality  try- 
ing hard  to  develop  the  the  section  into  an  agricultural  com- 
munity but  they  are  hampered  greatly  by  lack  of  water. 
The  writer  visited  the  ranch  of  Mr.  C.  E.  Kyle  near  Grants. 
This  gentleman  has  some  water  for  irrigation  purposes,  and 
the  healthy  and  vigorous  growth  of  beans,  potatoes,  alfalfa^ 
turnips,  corn,  and  wheat  with  insufficient  water  well  attested 
to  the  possibilities  of  the  soil  in  this  valley  if  conditions  were 
such  as  to  give  growing  crops  a  normal  supply  of  water.  A 
head  of  wheat  gathered  at  hapzard  contained  kernels  as  plump 
as  some  of  the  plumpest  kernels  ever  seen  in  any 
of  the  wheat-growing  states.  Chemical  analyses  show 


GEOLOGY  131 

this  soil  to  equal  in  fertility  like  residual  soil  of  any  locality 
the  world  over.  Valley  lands  like  those  of  the  Bluewater, 
San  Mateo,  and  San  Jose  Valleys,  are  under  present  .condi- 
tions, much  more  to  be  desired  than  Mesa  lands  near  the 
same  locality  or  under  similar  situations,  but  let  the  water 
which  now  courses  down  these  valleys  be  conserved  by  suit- 
able dams  and  be  distributed  by  irrigation  ditches  at  opp- 
ortune seasons  and  small  fruit  farms,  garden  truck,  orchards, 
or  ranches  will  furnish  occupations  /or  thousands  of  peo- 
ple and  feed  a  very  dense  population.  Practically  all  that  is 
necessary  to  bring  about  these  ends  in  these  localities  and 
many  more  similar  places  of  New  Mexico  is  conserved  water, 
a  plow,  and  a  determined  settler. 

THE   ENCHANTED   MESA. 

About  twenty-five  miles  south  of  Mt  Taylor  is  the  Acoma 
country  and  its  enchanted  mesa.  In  the  first  text  books  of 
Physical  Geography  that  were  written,  the  enchanted  mesa 
was  on  of  the  interesting  pictures  of  an  interesting  pheno- 
mena— the  erosive  work  of  water.  Once  its  top  afforded  pro- 
tection to  a  harassed  people,  today  its  top  with  its  scrub 
cedars  and  pinons,  affords  a  refuge  for  scores  of  eagles  and 
others  of  the  bird  family.  The  Enchanted  Mesa  stands 
alone,  clear  and  free  from  all  other  erosion  remnants  which 
are  scattered  about  over  the  valley  and  which  once  helped  to 
make  up  the  whole  of  the  massive  sandstone  formation  of 
which  each  is  now  a  part.  The  Mesa  is  braced  by  ba.nks  of 
talus  on  all  sides,  above  which  sheer  walls  rise  scores  of  feet 
to  the  flat  pan-cake  like  top.  The  enchanted  mesa  seems  to 
have  made  a  determined  stand  against  the  invading  processes 
of  weathering.  This  mesa  was  chosen  for  text  books,  not  alone 
for  its  perfect  illustration  of  this  type  of  topographic  pheno- 
mena but  because  it  is  a  classic  example  of  a  process  that 
will  occur  under  any  similar  conditions  of  uplifted  land  sur- 
faces to  a  plateau  elevation  and  the  subsequent  removal  of 
the  parts  most  easily  eroded.  Composed  entirely  of  a  fairly 
hard,  compact,  gray  and  buff  sandstone  of  several  acres  in 
extent  this  interesting  topographic  feature  is  doomed  very 
soon,  geologically,  to  the  erosive  and  valley  making  processes 
now  so  dominant  over  this  locality. 

Acoma,  the  Indian  Pueblo,   which  is  situated  on  a  mesa 


132  NATURAL   RESOURCES  SURVEY 

similar  to  the  Enchanted  mesa  in  formation,  now  supports 
the  primitive  town  which  has  superseded  the  ancient  Pueblo 
that  once  had  its  site  on  top  of  the  Enchanted  mesa.  Con- 
venient sand  dunes  furnish  in  part,  a  heavy,  sandy  approach 
to  the  summit  of  the  mesa,  and  a  rocky  quarried  passage 
way,  completes  the  bridge  to  the  top. 

MT.   TAYLOR 

Lying  about  half  way  up  the  eastern  limb  of  the  huge  anti- 
cline which  forms  the  Continental  Divide  in  this  section  of 
New  Mexico,  is  the  magnificent,  yet  badly  eroded  volcanic 
cone-Mt.  Taylor.  This  cone  is  the  most  imposing  of  the  two 
hundred  plugs  and  cones  which  are  scattered  along  the 
western  side  of  the  Puerco  Valley.  The  crater  rim,  of  this 
volcano  which  measures  approximately  six  miles  in  diameter 
is  dissected  by  numerous  canyons  which  rib  the  sides  of  the 
cone.  Down  these  canyons,  in  nearly  all  cases,  trickle  brooks 


"A  Thunderstorm  over  Mt.  Taylor." 

fed  from  springs  far  up  the  mountain  side.  This  water  is 
pure  and  wholesome,  but  at  the  southeastern  side  of  Mt. 
Taylor  near  El  Rito  is  a  well  made  useless  from  the  amount 
of  sulphur  and  hydrogen  sulphide  which  impregnates  its 
waters.  . 

If  the  block  faulting  which  characterizes  this   region  is 
Post-Cretaceous  and  Mt.  Taylor  is  late  Oligocene  or  early 


GEOLOGY  138 

Miocene  as  the  case  seems  to  be,  there  are  some  grounds  for 
believing  that  the  extrusions  of  lava  by  the  many  volcanoes 
of  the  western  side  of  the  Puerco  valley,  as  well  as  those  of 
the  western  side  of  the  Rio  Grande  valley,  in  roughly 
continuous  lines  as  they  appear  today,  are  due  to  the  weak- 
ening of  the  crust  in  each  case  along  a  major  fault  line  and 
the  extrusions  took  place  in  the  way,  and  with  the  relations, 
which  they  sustain  to  each  other  and  to  the  volcanic  pheno- 
mena of  this  region  because  of  this  faulting.  In  very  few 
places,  and  then  in  not  any  marked  degree,  is  subsequent 
faulting  noticeable.  This  fact  alone  proves  the  faulting  to 
have  been  practically  completed  before  the  volcanoes  and 
lava  flows  took  place. 

In  several  places  along  the  Puerco  valley  there  are  good 
evidences  that  the  Tertiary  sedimentaries  were  deposited 
after  considerable  erosion  had  taken  place  over  the  Cre- 
taceous, this  erosion  period  being  the  equivalent  of  the 
Araphoe  and  Denver  transition  period. 

There  is  a  question  bound  to  arise  in  the  mind  of  him  who 
travels  across  the  Chivote  Mesa  or  in  other  words  the  im- 
mense lava  flow  which  extends  northward  from  Mt.  Taylor 
seventy-live  miles  or  more. 

This  question  suggests  the  idea  that  there  was  a  dominat- 
ing influence  in  the  existing  topography  of  the  time  which 
invited  the  flow  of  Mt.  Taylor  lava  to  the  northward,  and, 
since  lava,  as  all  other  semi-liquids  seeks  the  easiest  routes 
it  seems  reasonable  to  suppose  that  the  Chivote  Mesa  of  to- 
day occupies  an  old  river  valley,  probably  that  of  the  Puerco, 
and  as  has  been  mentioned  before,  the  crowding  of  the  river 
from  its  old  pre-Mt.  Taylor  valley  by  this  lava  flow,  coupled 
with  the  upwarp  along  its  head  waters  by  the  move- 
ments which  made  the  Continental  Divide,  are  the  two  re- 
sponsible factors  in  bringing  the  Puerco  to  its  present  dimi- 
nutive size,  which  is  so  out  of  harmony  with  the  size  of  its 
valley  and  with  the  task  of  erosion  which  such  a  valley  the 
size  of  that  of  the  Puerco  represents. 

From  a  near  view  Mt.  Taylor  is  quite  disappointing.  In 
general  outline  the  angle  of  the  cone  is  low,  but  after  the  base 
has  been  reached  there  still  remains  many  weary  miles  of 
hard  climbing  before  the  top  is  scaled. 


134  NATURAL  RESOURCES  SURVEY 

From  the  rim  the  view  is  down  into  a  large  depression,  the 
old  crater  abont  six  miles  across,  in  whose  center  arises  a 
subsidiary  cone  a  thousand  feet  or  more  in  height.  Much  of 
the  Crater  and  all  of  this  secondary  cone  is  forest  clad,  and 
stately  pines  grow  where  hissing  blasts  of  steam  and  fiery 
beds  of  lava  once  spread  their  lakes  of  molten  rock  far  over 
the  crater  rim.  Today  in  the  openings  among  the  pines  the 
strawberry  and  violet  bloom  in  August,  and  tardy  spring  is 
followed  by  a  few  days  of  summer  which  are  again  super- 
ceded  by  an  autumn  whose  short  existence  ends  with  the 
first  southeaster  of  early  November. 


"Looking  into  the  Crater  of  Mt.  Taylor." 

The  lowest  notch  in  the  crater  rim  is  on  the  eastern  side 
through  which  a  stream  of  ice  cold  water,  partially  drain- 
age from  the  inside  of  the  crater  makes  ibs  way  out  of  the 
cool  shady  glades  to  the  thirsty  sun  baked  mesa  below. 

THE  MT.  TAYLOR  AND  SAN  MATEO   FOREST  RESERVES 

Over  much  of  the  surface  area  of  the  Mt.  Taylor  lava  flows 
there  grows  such  valuable  timber  that  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment has  seen  fit  to  reserve  a  large  area  which  includes  some 
of  the  most  valuable  sections  of  the  timber  land.  Under  the 
excellent  care  of  the  forest  rangers  there  has  sprung  up 
here  and  there  in  favorable  localities  heavy  thickets  of  young 
pines.  In  the  openings  and  due  to  the  abundant  rainfall  of 


GEOLOGY 


"A  "Pine  Park  on  Mt.  Taylor." 

these  altitudes  luxuriant  grass  grows  knee  high,  untouched  by 
any  devouring  herbivores.  A  large  tract  of  nearly  equal  value 
east  of  these  reserves  has  been  purchased  and  fenced  in  by 
private  parties.  Several  small  lakes  of  crystal  pure  water 
are  scattered  over  this  lava  plateau.  These  lakes  nestled 
away  in  natural  sags  of  the  surface  among  surrounding  pines 
one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  and  more  in  height  afford  great 


'A  Canyon  on  the  Slope  of  Mt.  Taylor. 


GEOLOGY  137 

cheer  to  man  and  beast  who  travel  the  long  and  rough,  yet 
scenic  road  across  these  reserves  from  San  Mateo  to  Cebol- 
leta. 

Many  of  the  Spanish  land  grants  growing  valuable  timber 
are  apt  to  be  bought  up  by  private  parties  like  the  one  men- 
tioned above.  If  this  be  the  case  not  only  will  the  state  or 
Federal  Government  be  great  losers  in  the  future,  but  they 
will  experience  the  same  difficulty  that  many  other  states  are, 
to  their  sorrow,  experiencing,  that  is,  from  the  fact  that  of  ten 
these,  private  lands  are  contiguous  to  reserves,  the  govern- 
ment will  have  to  give  private  interests  fire  protection  in 
order  to  conserve  their  own.  It  is  a  menacing  problem,  one 
which  should  be  handled  by  state  and  Federal  authorities 
while  the  remedy  is  applicable.  Once  these  areas  are  de- 
nuded by  fires  or  injudicious  removal  of  the  timber  by  private 
parties  or  corporations  then  what  is  now  valuable  and 
producing  land  will,  in  a  few  years,  become  vast  stretches  of 
barren  rock.  When  the  protecting  blanket  of  stately  trees 
with  their  mighty  roots  cementingand  holding  the  loose  mantle 
waste  in  place,  are  once  removed,  and  when  the  protect- 
ing covering  of  grama  and  nolinia  grasses  become  inoperative, 
due  to  the  lessened  humidity,  due  in  turn  to  the  removal  of 
these  forests,  the  unequal  rainfall  that  will  then  take  place, 
will  remove  in  a  few  years  the  soil  that  has  taken  the  weath- 
ering processes  of  centuries  to  form  and  only  hard,  black, 
barren  lava  will  remain  to  tell  the  story  of  man's  indiscretion. 

ACROSS   THE  CONTINENTAL   DIVIDE 

As  viewed  from  the  car  window  at  Gonzales  the  Continental 
Divide  will  not  awaken  any  superior  interest.  A  very  gentle 
slope,  an  increase  to  some  degree  in  the  number  of  pinions 
and  scrub  cedars,  the  labored  puffing  of  the  engine  giving 
way  to  the  greater  rumble  as  increased  speed  accompanies 
the  descent  on  the  opposite  side  and  the  backbone  of  the 
continent  may  seem  after  all  a  very  insignificant  affair.  But 
he  who  follows  the  winding  wagon  road  skirting  at  times 
perpendicular  walled  arroyos  or  creeps  along  between  rock 
walls  on  one  side  and  a  sheer  descent  of  one  thousand  feet  on 
the  other,  he  who  climbs  inclines  so  steep  and  long  that  the 
fagging  team  refuses  to  go  farther  without  frequent  breath- 
ing spells,  or  when  the  crest  of  the  hill  is  attained  finds  only 


GEOLOGY 

a  steeper  descent  awaiting  him — and  miles,  miles,  miles  of 
just  this  sort  of  thing — then  the  topographic  meaning  of  the 
term  "Continental  Divide"  assume  its  true  importance.  As 
has  been  said  before,  the  crest  of  the  Divide  is  sinuous,  like- 
wise the  trail  which  follows  the  crest  for  a  score  of  miles  or 
more  before  it  takes  one  headlong  plunge  to  the  western 
slope. 


I 


"A  sheer  rock  wall,  along  the  Continental  Divide." 

Weathering  has  opened  up  a  broad  area  long  the  axis  of 
the  divide  through  which  the  road  climbs  to  the  top.  After 
once  entering  this  trough-like  depression  it  is  only  at  inter- 
vals that  a  glimpse  of  the  slopes  without  on  either  side  is 
obtained  and  so  constant  is  the  rise  there  is  not  the  least  hint 
of  a  change  until  by  a  sudden  turn  and  within  the  space  of  a 
few  rods,  the  rim  of  a  long  fault  scarp  comes  into  view  down 
whose  tortuous  descent  the  road  winds  to  the  western  slope 
of  the  Divide. 

ON    THE   WESTERN   SLOPE 

As  far  as  the  eye  can  see  only  low  erosion  remnants  are 
visible.  A  gentle  dip  northwestward  and  monoclinal  shifting 
down  along  the  softer  strata,  so  dominates  the  topography, 
that,  unless  one  observes  closely,  the  shifting  might  be  mis- 
taken for  distributive  faulting  from  which  this  part  of  the 
Divide  is  exceptionally  free. 


140 


NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 


"Carbonaceous  Shale,  Seven  Lakes  Oil  Region." 

Aside  from  these  low,  mound-like  hills  this  region  is  barren 
of  any  vegetation  except  a  scattering  praire  grass,  whose 
scantiness  leaves  the  unprotected  soil  open  to  the  attacks  of 
the  wind  which  strip  it  from  every  available  surface  and  heap 
it  about  the  giant  Gutierrezia  bushes  making  the  surface  of 
these  plains  in  some  places  very  rough  and  hurnmocky. 

As  the  descent  is  made  from  the  crest  of  the  Divide  west- 


" Aridity  and  Erosion  Continental  Divide." 


GEOLOGY  141 

ward  Carbonaceous  shales  outcrop.,  interst ratified  with  other 
Sedimentaries  and  grade  into  fairly  good  coal  seams.  These 
shales  and  coal  seams  are  quite  constant  phenomena  along  the 
western  slope.  They  are  in  about  the  same  latitude  as  the 
Cerrillos  fields  northeast  of  Albuquerque  and  have  a  genetic 
relation  to  them  which  will  be  spoken  of  later.  The  fact  that 
there  is  a  lack  of  any  noticeable  amount  of  faulting  on  the 
western  side  as  compared  with  the  frequency  of  faulting  on 
the  eastern  slope  should  be  noted  here,  as  it  has  a  very 
important  bearing  upon  the  resources  of  the  two  regions. 


"An  Erosion  Remont  on  a  wind  west  portion  of  the  Continental  Divide." 

That  there  is  a  probable  connection  between  Carbonaceous 
deposits  such  as  coal  beds  and  oil  fields  is  a  generally  accepted 
fact  among  Geologists.  Just  what  the  chemistry  is  of  the 
formation  of  crude  oils,  and  just  how  they  are  formed  it  as 
yet  not  fully  understood.  It  is  enough  however  to  state  that 
oils  are  derived  from  some  organic  origin  either  plant  or 
animal,  as  for  instance,  fossils  occuring  with  coal  deposits 
function  as  explanation  enough  for  the  present. 

SEVEN   LAKES   OIL   REGION 

This  region  is  thirty  three  miles  northeast  of  Chaves  and 
about  twenty  west  of  the  Continetal  Divide.  The  area  about 
Seven  Lakes  is  one  of  low  relief  in  Cretaceous  strata.  Low7 
broad  folds  characterize  the  region  and  are  a  noticeable  fea- 


GEOLOGY  143 

ture  in  the  long  fault  scrap  just  east  of  Chaco  Canyon.  They 
are  in  evidence,  but  not  so  clearly  denned,  elsewhere  over 
the  region.  Out  crops  of  coal  and  Carbonaceous  shale  are 
common  in  this  locality  but  owing  to  the  fact  that  there  is 
very  little  fracturing  or  faulting  in  this  section,  oil  seepages 
are  practically  unknown. 

The  well  which  first  brought  Seven  Lakes  into  prominence 
as  a  possible  oil  district,  is  situated  on  the  southeast  quarter 
of  section  18,  town  18  north,  range  10  west.  Oil  and  gas  were 
struck  here  in  the  latter  part  of  June,  1911,  by  the  Brock 
Bros,  while  drilling  for  water.  The  well  is  360  feet  deep,  size 
of  casing  6  inches.  Water  was  struck  at  a  depth  of  58  feet 
and  rises  within  27  feet  of  the  surface.  Through  the  kind- 
ness of  Mr.  Brock  a  log  of  the  lirst  well  is  given  below. 

Soft  yellew  material 22  feet 

Soft  gray  sandstone 38  feet 

Tough  blue  clay  shale 40  feet 

Hard  blue  shale 20  feet 

Soft,  sticky,  blue,  clay-shale.  .40  feet 

Gray  soft  sandstone 20  feet 

Blue  sticky  shale  fire  clay. . .  .60  feet 

Soft  coal 6  feet 

Blue  medium  shale 34  feet 

White  soft  sand  and  shale ....   8  feet.  Contains  gas  and  oil. 

Blue  gray  medium  shale 17  feet 

Brown  hard  sandstone 15  feet 

White  soft  shale  and  sand ....  20  feet.  Contains  gas  and  oil. 

Hard  blue  shale 20  feet 

The  conditions  here  are  not  different  from  those  of  most 
other  oil  regions.  The  oil  sands  of  Pennsylvania  run  as  low 
as  five  feet  in  thickness  while  some  of  those  of  California  run 
as  high  as  a  hundred  feet.  xln  oil  sands  of  different  oil  re- 
gions the  average  is  nearer  that  of  the  Seven  Lakes  region. 
Some  experts  of  the  east  regard  5  ft.  of  oil  sands  as  paying 
territory  when  other  conditions  are  normal.  It  has  been 
estimated  that  in  average  conditions  there  may  be  from  six 
to  twelve  pints  of  oil  in  a  cubic  foot  of  sand  but  only  three- 
fourths  of  this  is  generally  obtainable.  While  other  esti- 
mates place  the  average  of  10  per  cent  porosity  of  the  sands 

(1)    Rles  "Economic  Geology." 


144  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

which  will  yield  one  gallon  per  cubic  foot  or  five  thousand 
barrels  per  acre  in  five  foot  sands.  The  average  under  such 
conditions  may  not  be  over  800  barrels  per  acre.  Excessive 
use  or  the  drilling  of  other  wells  are  generally  causes  for  the 
usual  decrease  in  the  flow  of  wells. 

In  an  analysis  of  the  oil  of  the  first  well  made  by  Professor 
Clark  of  the  University,  the  data  is  as  follows: 
Temperature  of  distillate.         %  of  product.       Nature  of 

product. 

Below  150         degrees.  C  4.5    )     AT     ,, 

From  150-200         "         «  5.5    [    NaPtha- 

"       200-250         "         "  11.75  i    T11       .      ,. 

"       250-300         "         "  14.001      •Hummatmg  oil 

Above  300  "      '"  53.00^    Lubricating  oil  of 

excellent  character 

Residuum  and  coke.  11.25 

Professor  Clark  further  states  that  the  sample  furnished 
by  Mr.  Edmund  Ross,  from  which  this  analysis  was  made, 
upon  standing  for  ten  days,  divided  into  three  clearly  marked 
portions  as  follows: 

Top  layer  of  crude  petroleum  .87  Sp.  Gr. 

Middle  layer  of  crude  petroleum  and  some  fine  sand  and 
clay  .979  Sp.  Gr. 

Bottom  layer  water. 

A  portion  of  the  middle  layer  was  diluted  with-  ether  and 
when  whirled  in  a  centrifuge  a  considerable  amount  of  water 
and  fine  clay  sediment  separated.  The  top  layer  of  oil  was 
taken  for  distillation  as  it  is  probably  typical  of  the  whole 
sample  when  freed  from  sediment.  The  Professor  states 
that  the  distillate,  in  his  opinion,  will  run  some  higher  in  the 
oil  at  the  wells  as  the  samples  brought  in  are  not  tightly 
corked. 

Another  sample  than  that  analysed,  but  from  the  lower 
region  was  used  in  the  determination  of  its  specific  gravity 
by  the  mineralogy  students  who  found  it  to  be  .993,  or  by 
the  Baume  scale,  26.770.  2  The  sp.  gr.  of  other  fields  in  this 
country  range  from  the  heavy  oils  of  West  Virginia  at  .873  sp. 
gr.  to  the  Beaumont,  Texas  oils  of  .920  sp.  gr.  Several  au- 
thorities on  oil  besides  several  geologists  have  visited  the 
fields  and  all  seem  to  agree  that  the  deep  wells  will  test  the 

(2)    Ries  "Economic  Geology." 


GEOLOGY  145 

value  of  these  fields  as  it  is  not  probable  that  in  any  place 
over  the  fields  will  there  be  found  an  abundance  of  oil  in 
shallow  wells,  what  oil  is  found  in  the  shallow  wells  is  probably 
due  to  accumulations  under  the  low  anticlines  which  are  char- 
acteristic of  the  region.  If  deep  wells  prove  successful  it  will 
undoubtedly  be  due  to  the  fact  that  there  is  an  accumulation 
of  oil  beneath  the  whole  of  this  part  of  the  Divide, 
which,  in  that  case  might  prove  to  be  widespread. 
This  seems  however  very  remote.  Since  the  fields  are  on 
the  western  limb  of  the  Divide  it  is  rather  difficult  to  see  just 
what  other  explanation  might  fit  the  conditions  if  this  hypo- 
thesis does  not  approach  the  true  structure  there  operating. 
At  present,  reports  state  that  use  is  being  made  of  the  oils 
from  the  first  well  to  run  a  simple  oil  engine  in  drilling  an- 
other well  near  it.  .  Soft  coal  is  abundant  and  easib  obtained 
in  this  region  and  the  lakes  furnish  water  for  running  en- 
gines in  drilling  throughout  the  fields. 

Much  interest  has  been  manifested  in  the  locality  and  all 
possible  territory  within  a  radius  of  twenty  miles  has  been 
surveyed  and  taken  up  by  parties  from  all  over  the  south- 
west. Should  the  tield  prove  a  winner  the  surveyed  areas. 
will  all  be  very  valuable  oil  fields. 

CENTRAL  NEW  MEXICO  ONCE  A  COASTAL  PLAIN 

The  coal  fields  at  Gallup,  the  coal  and  oil  fields  at  Seven 
Lakes,  the  Cerrillos  fields,  and  the  intervening  areas  bear- 
ing evidences  of  relationship  to  the  whole,  have  a  significance 
which  cannot  be  neglected  in  trying  to  unravel  some  of  the 
history  of  the  geological  formations  of  the  state. 

Although  the  area  east  of  the  Divide  situated  in  the  same 
latitude  as  the  coal  fields  mentioned  above,  is  badly  faulted ,. 
(especially  is  this  true  in  the  valley  of  the  Puerco  river  about 
Cabezon.)  there  still  remains  here  and  there  in  persistance  of 
strata  found  much  further  south  and  west,  in  occasional 
Carbonaceous  shales  and  liginite  beds  as  far  south  as  San 
Francisco  and  San  Ignacio,  analagous  evidences  of  a  conti- 
nuation of  the  same  formation  as  exists  on  the  east  side,  to 
those  which  are  found  on  the  west  side  of  the  Divide.  The 
probability  then,  is,  that  minor  faulting  and  the  great  fault 
which  gave  rise  to  the  displacement  along  the  western  face  of 
the  Sandia  mountains,  carried  the  coal  formations  far  beneath 


146  NATURAL   RESOURCES  SURVEY 

the  surface  between  the  Cerrillos  fields  and  the  Divide  and 
so  accounts  for  the  abundant  evidence  of  a  continuation  of 
the  coal  fields  from  Cerrillos  to  Gallup. 

It  seems  practically  certain  that  the  area  in  question  re- 
presents in  the  times  of  the  coal  formation  an  old  coastal 
plain  which  extended  entirely  across  the  state  and  that  this 
old  cretaceous  coast  line  warped  enough  at  times  to  vary  the 
•conditions  so  as  to  make  it  favorable  for  the  rapid  and  luxu- 
riant growth  of  vegetation  along  this  belt.  As  these  warp- 
ings  increased  in  amplitude  and  frequency  the  conditions 
favorable  to  coal  deposits  ceased  and  Carbonaceous  shales, 
characteristic  of  marshy  conditions  became  prevalent — these 
are  the  formations  which  now  outcrop  so  plentifully  where 
faulting  is  not  a  prominent  feature  in  the  geology.  These 
shales  are  well  exposed  along  the  cliff  faces  of  Chaco  Canon 
twenty  miles  northwest  of  Seven  Lakes.  Since  the  period  of 
coal  formation  ceased  along  this  east  and  west  belt,  there 
have  been  notable  changes  in  the  topography.  Enormous 
erosion  intervals  as  well  as  periods  of  deposition  inter- 
vened between  the  Coastal  Plain  period  and  the  period 
of  vulcanism  which  covered  not  a  small  portion  of  the  area 
with  a  thick  and  protecting  coat  of  lava.  Then  in  turn  came 
a  new  order  of  affairs  in  which  more  faulting  and  erosion 
brought  things  to  their  present  state  of  complexity  and  ap- 
parent incongruity. 

CLIMATIC   HISTORY. 

Ever  since  the  inauguration  of  dry  land  in  New  Mexico  the 
evidences  are  that  semi-arid  climate  has  been  the  rule.  It 
is  true  that  the  writer  has  found  numerous  examples  of 
petrification  of  Cretaceous  vegetation  but  this  can  all  be 
accounted  for  without  any  vast  change  of  climate.  Several 
authorities  claim  at  least  a  humid  Pleistocene  climate.  They 
believe  conditions  which  gave  opportunity  for  heavy  glacia- 
tion  to  occur  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  throughout 
the  northern  three  fourths  of  the  Cordilleran  system,  gave 
an  extremely  humid  climate  to  New  Mexico,  which  is  very 
probable.  It  is  undoubtedly  the  fact  that  glaciation  and  its 
accompanying  sources  of  water  was  responsible  for  many 
lakes  over  the  state,  as  for  example,  in  the  Estancia  Valley. 

Arguing  for  these  facts  some  may  endeavor  to  bring  these 


GEOLOGY  147 

climatic  changes  nearer  to  the  present  and  read  their  re- 
action on  life  within  the  history  of  man.  This  seems  en- 
tirely unwarranted  because  of  the  fact  that  rainfall  once  and 
always  means  erosion,  the  sacrifice  of  straight  lines  and 
sharp  angles,  for  gradation  and  curves.  A  glance  only  at 
the  present  landscape  disproves  this  at  once  as  curves  are 
not  characteristic  of  New  Mexican  topographic  architecture. 
If  abundant  rainfall  was  characteristic  of  the  past  such  as  is 
claimed  by  some  authorities  as  necessary  to  support  a  much 
larger  population  than  is  found  here  at  present,  the  indica- 
tions of  such  humidity  would  be  evidenced  in  a  corrugated 
topography,  and  the  intermittent  streams  of  the  common 
arroyos  would  long  age  have  turned  the  average  evenness  of 
all  topography  not  mountainous  into  general  roughness  and 
bad-lands.  Scattered  about  over  the  whole  state  are  ruins  of 
once  populous  aboriginal  towns.  These  ruins  built  of  stone, 
cemented  together,  not  with  mortar,  but  with  adobe,  could 
not  withstand  the  humidity  of  a  very  damp  climate.  The 
conclusion  which  must  inevitably  be  reached  by  those  who 
travel  over  wide  areas  of  the  state  and  see  it  more  as  a  whole 
than  a  part,  is,  that  what  is  now  the  order  of  affairs  as  far  as 
climate  is  concerned,  has,  at  least  in  the  history  of  man,  al- 
ways been  thus.  The  most  inharmonious  characteristics  of 
all  the  major  topographic  features  of  the  state,  are  the  broad, 
well  eroded  valleys,  such  as  the  Puerco,  Rio  Grande  and  Pe- 
cos,  with  adjustment  and  age  carried  on  so  far  as  to  parcti- 
cally  eliminate  all  falls  or  rapids,  and  the  intervening  divides 
scarcely  attacked  at  all  by  tributaries.  Since  precipitation 
makes  river  systems,  or,  in  other  words,  developes  a  well 
worked  out  drainage  by  many  tributaries  to  the  main  stream, 
we  must  necessarily  conclude  that  this  has  not  been  the  case 
and  that  glaciation  at  the  head  waters  and  occasional  floods, 
are,  on  the  whole  responsible  for  the  major  phenomena  occu- 
pying the  present  drainage  system. 

HUMIDITY   AND   CLIMATE 

New  Mexico  has  a  variety  of  climates.  Due  to  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  considerable  snow  and 
cold  weather  are  characteristic  of  the  winter  season,  while 
moderate  temperatures  and  sufficient  rainfall  are  character- 
istic of  the  summer  months.  Throughout  the  central  part  of 


148  NATURAL    RESOURCES   SURVEY 

the  state  moderate  winters  and  warmers  summer  are  the  rule 
with  occasional  rainfall.  In  the  southern  one  fourth  of  the 
state  very  equable  winters  and  hot  summer  make  possible 
all  kinds  of  fruit  growing  and  raising  of  garden  products,  as 
for  example  the  peach  industry  of  the  Pecos  River  valley 
and  the  cantaloupes  of  the  Mesilla  Park  district.  Here  and 
there  over  the  entire  state  protected  valleys  help  locally  to 
change  the  general  order  of  the  climate,  while  elevation  con- 
trols directly  the  amount  of  rainfall,  and  the  topography  and 
character  of  the  soil  determine  the  amount  of  run-off. 

The  year  of  1911  has  been  a  phenominally  humid  one  in  this 
territory.  The  driest  and  most  unproductive  areas  of  the  state 
have  thisyear  raised  considerable  vegetation  besides  the  usual 
cactus  and  Russian  thistles.  The  higher  land  from  the  Rio 
Grande,  on,  to,  and  over,  the  Continental  Divide  has  been  cov- 
ered this  year  with  an  abundance  of  grass.  Over  these 
mesas  there  is  generally  not  enough  rainfall  to  cause  any 
appreciable  amount  of  grass  to  grow.  It  has  been  otten  the 
case  for  weeks  at  a  time  during  the  growing  season  of  1911 
that  irrigation  in  the  valley  has  been  entirely  unnecessary. 
High  plateaus  and  mountains  are  generally  the  recipierts 
of  more  rainfall  than  the  neighboring  low  lands,  and  because 
of  this  fact  the  highest  .uplands  and  especially  the  moun- 
tainous tracts,  are  often  heavily  forested,  and  many  such 
areas  belong  to  forest~reserves.  The  Zuni  Plateau  and  the 
Chivote  Mesa  are  very  good  illustrations  of  the  first  example 
of  the  most  humid  areas  of  the  state,  and  any  of  the  higher 
mountain  ranges  such  as  the  Sandias  and  the  Manzanos  are 
examples  of  the  second.  Because  of  these  facts  the  higher 
lands  which  are  now  forested  should  early  receive  all  neces- 
sary protection  not  only  from  fires  but  also  from  injudicious 
cutting  of  timber,  which  is  sure  to  take  place  as  the  country 
develops  and  this  class  of  lands  pass  from  land  grants  into 
private  hands.  If  cutting  of  timber  is  allowed  to  go  on  over 
these  areas  and  their  elevated  slopes  areallowed  to  be  laid  bare 
to  the  weather,  not  only  will  they  be  denuded  of  all  remaining 
******  vegetation,  but  irrigation  dams  and  lakes  far  down 
the  valley  which  receive  their  drainage,  will  be  silted  up  and 
their  purprses  defeated.  It  is  an  undoubted  fact  that  forests 
and  vegetation  effects  rainfall,  therefore,  protected  forests 


GEOLOGY  149 

and  encouraged  immigration,  with  increased  cultivation,  will 
be  potent  climatic  features  of  the  future.  As  'New  Mexico 
lies  within  the  migrating  belts  of  the  horse  latitudes  and 
trade  winds,  the  climate  has  a  fundamental  cause  for  constant 
semi-aridity.  But  protected  forests  and  increased  cultiva- 
tion will  serve  to  increase  humidity,  and,  can  be  reckoned  as 
influencing  factors  on  the  climate  as  the  state  developes. 

New  Mexico  is  certainly  entitled  to  be  called  "The  Sunshine 
State."  As  a  natural  out-door  sanitorium  for -tubercular 
affections  this  state  holds  its  own  peculiar  asset,  sunshine  of 
the  most  continuous  sort,  and  the  pure,  wholesome  air  of  an 
elevation  of  more  than  a  mile  make  any  part  of  the  state  a 
great  boon  to  all  sufferers  from  pulmonary  infections. 

THE    NEW    MEXICO   OF    TOMORROW 

The  frontier  of  a  decade  ago  is  a  thing  of  the  past,  some 
of  its  characteristics  still  remain  but  with  the  next  generation 
they  will  be  gone  forever.  The  southwest  has  been  the  last 
to  receive  the  attention  of  the  world  of  trade  and  of  the 
influences  of  the  south  and  east.  The  reason  for  the  former 
may  be  the  scarcity  of  production,  the  reason  for  the  latter 
the  small  percentage  of  immigration.  Of  recent  years  there 
has  been  a  wonderful  invasion  of  the  eastern  part  of  the 
territory  by  settlers  from  Texas  and  Oklahoma  and  from 
states  farther  east  and  south.  Already  the  advance  line  of 
this  movement  has  neariy  reached  the  central  part  of  the 
state,  and  Estancia  Valley  is  following  the  rapid  development 
of  her  neighboring  valley  to  the  east,  the  Pecos.  Where  now 
only  trading  posts  and  small  hamlets  or  Indian  pueblos  dot 
the  map  of  western  New  Mexico,  in  a  very  few  years  thrifty 
villages  and  well  ordered  *****  ranches  will  signal  to  the 
world  and  to  neighboring  states  the  true  value  and  status  of 
this  commonwealth.  The  natural  resources  of  New  Mexico 
are  many  and  varied.  Among  the  most  *****  prominent 
are  agriculture  and  mining. 

AGRICULTURE 

This  state  is  not  especially  an  agricultural  community  in 
the  sense  in  which  the  term  is  used  on  the  plains.  However, 
•everything  outside  of  mesas  and  mountains  which  is  available 
for  irrigation  may  be  counted  as  an  agricultural  possibility. 
Irrigable  valleys  and  plains  of  the  southern  one  half  of  the 


150  NATURAL   RESOURCES   SURVEY 

state  are  already  either  growing  fruits  or  are  held  by  their 
owners  at  high  rates.  It  seems  probable  that  the  ranch  of 
diversified  farming  will  follow  the  main  river  valleys  north- 
ward, leaving  the  broad,  upland,  level  tracts  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  state  for  the  larger  ranches  while  mesas  fill  their 
role  for  sheep  or  cattle  pasturage. 

MINING   AND   FORESTRY 

Considerable  has  been  said  already  concerning  the  valuable 
forests  which  blanket  every  mountain  range  of  average 
elevation.  By  the  exercise  of  some  discretion  in-  their  use, 
and  education  in  controlling  them,  these  forests  may  become 
more  and  more  valuable  as  time  goes  on. 

There  has  never  yet  been  any  true  estimate  made  of  New 
Mexico's  mineral  wealth,  partly  because  so  little  is  known  of 
what  is  here.  It  known,  however,  that  there  is  plenty  of  coal 
and  probably  considerable  of  the  more  precious  metals.  Her 
true  status  as  a  mineral  state  has  not  as  yet  been  reached  or 
dreamed  of  and  the  future  will  reveal  only  by  a  systematic 
study  of  the  Geology  of  the  state,  what  is  today  Nature's 
secret.  The  lithological  framework  of  the  state,  is,  in  the 
fundamentals,  similar  to  the  great  mineral  states  of  the  west 
and  in  many  ways  New  Mexico  has  a  larger  variety  of  condi- 
tions. These  conditions  mean  much  for  the  role  which  New 
Mexico  is  to  play  as  a  mineral  state  in  the  future.  The  eyes 
of  the  mining  world  are  upon  this  mining  locality  and  nearly 
every  day  inquiries  are  made  as  to  natural  products  which 
the  state  affords.  It  is  hoped  that  in  the  near  future  a 
thorough  investigation  and  reliable  statistical  report  may 
be  made  of  at  least  some  of  the  most  important  ores — thei/ 
location,  nature  and  mode  of  occurance,  theory  of  origin,  and 
desirability  of  development. 


14  DAY  USE 

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